Employee Relations in Human Resources Management Case Study

Employee Relations in Human Resources Management - Case Study Example The C.E.O. has a surprise for you, but it turns out that you do not like it. You decide to leave the room and your subordinate boo you. Being booed by your subordinate creates a hostile work environment. The nature of the surprise- an explicit dance on the pole – is wrong. The C.E.O. later follows you and instead of apologizing he makes the situation worse, first, he thinks you are unreasonable. He also says that if you were more social with him, you two could go amazing places. In other words, the C.E.O. discriminates against you for not being social with him. He goes ahead and massages you at the back. You are aggrieved by this even more and decide to complain to the C.EO. He does not listen to you and decide to fire you. The controlling law WLAD (Washington law against discrimination) will apply because the company is based in Washington. The law provides that managers and supervisors are personally liable for committing the discriminating act. The C.E.O. is your boss and therefore personally liable to for discriminating you. The WLAD will apply because of possible discrimination based on gender and sexual harassment. The CEO will be personally liable because the surprise aggrieved you and resulted to boo from the subordinates. The human resource employee in Washington may file a charge with Washington human right commission in this case. The commission will commence a lawsuit on behalf of the aggrieved employee. The employee may utilize the prosecution and investigational powers to file a discrimination charge. The lawsuit may seek compensatory damages injunctive relief and attorneys’ fees.

Why do people smile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why do people smile - Essay Example Many scientists believe that one of the reasons why people use facial expressions such as smiling is simply to show to other people how they feel and what they feel. It is also believed that facial expressions are understood in the same manner all around the world as Max Eastman said â€Å"a Smile is the Universal Welcome.† The inner state of emotions is manifests through the facial expression. Someone is believed to be showing his calmness through smiling; having a friendly attitude towards others, and others could be distinguished through different kinds and types of smiles as one of the unknown authors quote â€Å"Everyone smiles in the same language.†. A smile is a facial expression that shows the upward contours at the ends of the mouth. There are times wherein the sparkle of the eyes expresses the smile and not the mouth. However, smile communicates a thousand words. Most of the time, smiles indicates happy signs such as joy, happiness, and love. However, there ar e kinds of a smile that show involuntary expression of anxiety known to be the grimace, or even serve as an expression of embarrassment in a shamefaced sort of way. Smile is rooted within our primate nature that depicts positive response to social relationships. It is considered to be a universal positive sign of social relationship. Smile is a positive tool to convey other people of different races and culture about their feelings and nature. History of Smiles Most of the time, happiness is always associated with smile, but to consider, there are still many types of smile that does not necessarily have that connotation like sneer, snarl, smirk etc. Different expressions in relation to smile were considered in tracing and studies with the history of smiling. Huge data have been gathered from art, history, and biology to unveil the nuances about the human smile after which some interesting facts were revealed. For example, there are beliefs that the supreme enlightenment is reflected In the holy smile of Buddha. On the other hand, open mouth smiling in the Victorians was obscene. In the behavioral and psychological aspects, it was explored how and when in infancy smiling considered to be an act of communication. In art history, the famous smile of Mona Lisa as well as the sculptured heads of Ming dynasty was studied in relation to smiling. Types and Reasons to Smile Thirty million years of human evolution produced different types of smiles that anybody can currently wear for all accessions and different situations. 1. Sweet Smile – This is the type of smile that can melt a heart, hard to resist like in just one look, you know you are done for it. â€Å"I have been hijacked several times over this smile.† This smile is manifested in all ages with pure intention of recapturing the true picture of a contented life. 2. I am in Love Smile – this type of smile is unmistakable from the rest of the smile. This smile exudes the energy of having a pu re love and bliss. This type of smile does not necessarily need to be romantic smile and can also be applicable to one’s favorite pets. This is usually manifested to young adults and adults or in the mature people. 3. Most Beautiful Smile – This type of smile is the one considered to be the breathtaking smile. This is the smile that could skip a person’s heartbeat. Once encountering this type of smile, one can be mesmerize and would forget the world for a while. This is usually seen to young adults as a part of their growing up in their transformation to the adulthood. 4. Happy Smile- In this type of smile, one can see the reflection of a happy and a joyful heart. This is the smile that radiates pure happiness and most often manifested in children. 5. Thoughtful Smile –

Analysing Delegation In Transition To Professional Practice Nursing Essay

Analysing Delegation In Transition To Professional Practice Nursing Essay Newly registered nurses or nurses re-entering the workforce face many challenges. One of these issues is delegation. In this essay you are required to develop an in depth and detailed understanding of delegation and how it apply to you as a newly registered nurse. You will need to critically analyse the literature to: Define delegation and how it applies to the registered nurse in the clinical setting Analyse the role of the registered nurse in relation to the responsibility of delegation Analyse the relationship between accountability and delegation Discuss how delegation is different to patient allocation Analyse how professional competence impacts on delegation with specific reference to clinical effectiveness Discuss the interpersonal relationships of team members when delegating within a team Introduction Being a newly Registered Nurse entails a lot of challenges, how we deal with our clients and effectively communicating what their needs are in a multi-cultural setting gives us these difficult tasks of rendering proper and appropriate health care. RNs (Registered Nurses) are known to provide care from womb to tomb, without preference to age, gender, race, religion and status. RNs need to understand the importance for them to know by heart, what are the tasks they can delegate to their co-workers because problem could arise if tasks are delegated inappropriately and clients would be the one to suffer the consequences. Delegation of activities will be relied more heavily due to decreasing workforce and increasing workload thats why nurses should understand fully the different guidelines on how one can appropriately apply delegation in their professional practice. The role of RN in the delegation process takes unprecedented importance. The independent licensee of the RN imposes a legal accountability on the part of the nurse to the patient/recipient of care. This becomes a primary responsibility, with the accountability to other disciplines or the employer being secondary. Because the RN is responsible for the practice of other lesser skilled licensed or unlicensed nursing personnel (i.e., Enrolled Nurses and Unlicensed Health Care Worker), it is imperative that registered nurses understand the guidelines and parameters set for delegation and training. All RNs and midwives must be willing to accept accountability and responsibility when undertaking activities within their individual scope of practice after considering: legislation or restriction of practice, professional standards of practice, current evidence for practice, individual knowledge skill and competence and contextual/organizational support for practice [Nursing Board of Victoria ( NBV) 2007]. The responsibility of the RN prevails whatever the employment setting or status of employment and that legal accountability cannot be removed or assumed by another individual or by the employer. We can never work alone, thus we are always a part of a multidisciplinary healthcare team and this is where the issues of delegation come into place. I. Definition of delegation and application in clinical setting The Queensland Nursing Council (2005) defined delegation as conferring of authority on a person to a person to perform activities. In the same way, delegation is conferment of authority to an individual who is not authorized to perform a particular task autonomously but can do so under direct or indirect supervision (Nursing Midwifery Board of South Australia 2005). Direct supervision means that the RN is actually present during performance of the delegated task, observing and guiding the person who is being supervised while indirect supervision is provided when the RN does not directly observe the person performing the delegated task but should be easily contactable by phone or electronic devices when the need arises [Royal College of Nurses, Australia (RCNA) 2005]. Delegated task can either be new, meaning that the delegated task is not normally part of their role or established, which means that the task has already been done before and no change in context was made [Queensland Nursing Council (QNC) 2005d, sec. D 7.0; Nursing Board of Tasmania (NBT) 2006, pp.5-6]. As a Registered Nurse working as part of the healthcare team, we cannot do away of the process of delegating tasks to other health practitioners be it to another Registered Nurse (RN), Enrolled Nurse (EN), or an Unlicensed Health Care Worker (HCW). It is both beneficial to the health care team and the client because if properly and accurately done, it speeds up the process of rendering the care needed by the client without sacrificing the quality of care being given. Health professionals should always remember that delegation of tasks are made not just to ease ones workload but are made to meet the clients need and to ensure that the right person is available at the right time to pro vide the right care to the client [Australian Nursing Midwifery Council (ANMC) 2007]. There are tasks that an RN cannot delegate to Enrolled Nurses and Unregulated Health Workers. According to the QNC (2005d, p. 4), care planning and delegation of activities from a nursing care plan cannot be delegated, some aspects of drug administration by Enrolled Nurses which are restricted by the council as per the Health (Drugs and Poisons) Regulations 1996 and tasks as defined by the Nursing Act 1992 to be solely exclusive for RNs or midwives. Registered nurses have the right to clarify, validate and support their professional judgment when it disagrees with an employer or supervisors direction, facilitate resolution of disagreement with an employer or supervisor and help resolve disagreement whether it is appropriate to advance their practice through accepting a delegation (QNC 2005c). II. Role and Responsibilities of Nurses in Delegating Tasks Only RNs may delegate nursing acts, functions or tasks. A registered nurse that delegate nursing acts, functions, or tasks should first determine whether it is within the RNs scope of practice, that the individual is qualified, competent and has the necessary skills to perform the task safely, that the RN delegating the task is available to directly or indirectly supervise the individual and evaluate the result after the delegated task was performed and that the RN should always remember that only the task is delegated and not the ultimate responsibility and accountability that goes with it. As stated in the ANMC (2007), RNs should understand the requirements for delegation and supervision of practice an example of which is by accepting delegated tasks only if it is within ones scope of practice and by raising concerns about inappropriate delegation with relevant organizational or regulatory personnel. Activities delegated by a RN cannot be re-delegated to another professional or hea lthcare worker (QNC 2005a). Registered nurses should provide guidance, support, assistance and clinically focused supervision, ensure that the person to whom the delegation is being made understands their accountability and is willing to accept the delegation, they should reflect on ones own practice, provide competency assessment of the individual who will accept the delegated task and evaluate the outcome of the delegated task (ANMC 2007; QNC 2005a). Accountability goes hand in hand when delegating tasks to other health care personnel. RNs carries with them a very big responsibility when delegating tasks to another member of the team because the RN retains the accountability and must see to it that the person to whom the task is being delegated to is competent enough to perform such task so as not to compromise the quality and safety of the care provided. RNs who delegates health care tasks are accountable to the State where they are registered, to their employer, and to their clients for their own actions and decisions. The RN must see to it that only those that can be performed safely to the patient be delegated, and it is critical that there is a clear and effective communication between the two parties. Expectations and outcomes are to be set so as to have an exact basis of evaluation if the delegated tasks are successfully performed to that of the accepted level of standard. Responsibility can be delegated to others so that the person to whom a task is delegated to remains responsible of the action while the accountability remains with the one who delegated the task. The independent license of the RN imposes a legal accountability on the part of the nurse to the patient/recipient of care. This becomes a primary responsibility, with the accountability to other disciplines or the employer being secondary. Because the RN is responsible for the practice of other lesser skilled licensed or unlicensed nursing personnel (i.e., Enrolled Nurses, Unregulated Health Care Workers), it is imperative that registered nurses understand the guidelines and parameters set for delegation and training. Liability cannot be delegated a nurses registration is at risk if he or she delegates a task inappropriately. Appropriate delegation begins with knowing what skills can be delegated. There are published guidelines which helps nurses in delegating tasks in accordance with the RNs legal scope of practice, an example of these are the five rights of delegation (National Council of State Boards of Nursing, 1995) wherein the fundamental basis of public protection should be the basis of all decisions related to delegation of nursing activities can be used as a mental checklist to assist nurses clarify critical elements of the decision-making process. The RNs final responsibility is to evaluate whether assistants performed a task properly and whether desired outcomes where realized. RNs should use the principles of delegation to guide them in deciding whether a particular task can be delegated or not. III. Principles of Delegation According to the Australian Nursing Federation (2004, p. 1), each state and territory in Australia governs the practice of registered nurses and midwives through published nursing and midwifery acts and that the ANFs purpose of publishing the guideline is to clarify the role and obligation of the RNs and midwives when delegating aspects of nursing and midwifery care, guide RNs and midwives through the issues to be considered in delegating aspects of nursing and midwifery care and to clarify the role and obligations of employers in the delegation of aspects of nursing and midwifery care by nurses and midwives. The principle of delegation should be used when considering delegating an activity to another health care provider. The following are the principles of delegation as stated in the Nurses Board of Victoria (NBV), Guidelines: Delegation and Supervision for Registered Nurses and Midwives (2007, p. 4): RNs should always remember that the primary motivation in delegating tasks is to meet the health needs and improve health outcomes of clients, it must be consistent with the acceptable standards of nursing and the policy of the service providers, that the delegated task is based on appropriate planning and consultation, delegated tasks should only be accepted if the person to perform the ask is deemed competent after proper assessment by an authorized personnel, the RN should see to it that he/she is accountable not only for their decision to delegate but also in monitoring the delegated individuals standard of performance and that the activity delegated should presently be part of the RNs current role. Likewise, the delegating nurse has also the responsibility to apply the five rights of delegation, namely: (1) the right task; (2) the right circumstances; (3) the right person; (4) the right direction or communication; and (5) the right supervision (Crisp and Taylor 2005, p.366). If either one of these rights are missing, the task being delegated is considered to be unsafe and can result to negative outcomes. Delegation is different from allocation or assignment which involves asking another person to care for one or more consumers on the assumption that the required activities of consumer care are normally within that persons responsibility and scope of practice (ANMC 2007; NBV 2007, p.4). When a patient is admitted during your tour of duty, and you are the nurse on deck, this means that the patient will then be allocated to you on the assumption that the required activities for consumer care are normally within your responsibility and scope of practice and you must holistically take care of all the needs of the patient while in the case that the admitted patient was assigned to another RN which then delegates a task to you, like getting the patients initial vital signs, the accountability and overall responsibility remains with the admitting RN with you sharing the responsibility of the outcome of the task. Using reflective practice, the RN should then evaluate their individual contribution to the achievement of patient outcomes, if he or she was able to properly apply the scope of nursing practice decision-making framework in delegating tasks to other health care professionals and if patients are properly allocated based on individual skills, experience and competency of the receiving person. Reflective practice also helps nurses establish what they have learned from the experience of providing nursing care and responding to patient needs and is important for novice RNs as it helps them identify areas in their practice that they need to improve ensuring that they make better choices and decisions in the future (NBWA 2004). According to Usher Holmes (2005, p.110), self awareness is the foundation skill upon which reflective practice is based. Self awareness offers RNs an opportunity to see themselves in certain situations and how they affected the situation and the situation affected them (Atkins 2000 cited in Usher, K Holmes, C 2005). IV. Professional competence, delegation and clinical effectiveness Competence is an individuals ability to effectively apply knowledge, understanding, skills, and values within a designated scope of practice at a standard acceptable to the client and others who has the same experience and background (ANMC 2005, p. 8). Critical thinking, or the practice of questioning, is necessary so that practitioners integrate relevant information from various sources, examine assumptions, and identify relationships and patterns (Parker Clare 2000 cited in Usher, K Holmes, C 2005). Health care organizations have made dramatic advances and transformations during the last few decades, resulting in rapid growth of technology and theory. If nurses are to deal effectively with complex change, increased demands and greater accountability, they must become skilled in higher level thinking and reasoning abilities and this is where the use of critical thinking becomes vital in examining simple and complex situations in nurses day to day responsibilities. RNs who are critical thinkers practice sound clinical judgement by practicing critical thinking skills to investigate and reflect on all aspects of a clinical observation or problem in order to decide on an appropriate course of action based on factual evidence rather than conjecture and is able to arrive at a reasoned conclusion that can be justified. The process of critical thinking will enhance the ability of nurses to properly identify and assess the need of delegating tasks to other health care professionals and to determine if they carry with them the professional competence needed to efficiently perform the assigned task which would definitely result in clinical effectiveness by delivering the care plan and attending to the needs of the client faster rather than performing the care plan alone even if the task is legally delegable. (Simpson Courtney 2002). V. Interpersonal Relationships between team members during delegation of tasks Registered nurses work within the health care team to properly address the different complex health care needs of clients and each of the team members knowledge and contribution is valued and respected. Interpersonal relationship is the association or connection between unit managers staff nurses within a nursing unit interpersonal relationships within team members during delegation of tasks should be built on trust. Acceptance, care, feeling, integrity, respecting the values all revolved on trust, thus, trust building should be the focus of every activity within an organization. Interpersonal relationships are built through effective communication skills, listening to each member queries and actively participating during supervision of a delegated task builds confidence on their part. An interpersonal relationship is a dynamic system that changes continuously wherein social associations, connections, or affiliation between two or more people are present. Effective delegation forces you to spend time with your employee thus developing your interpersonal relationship. This holds true to RNs who personally see to it that each member of the team to whom different tasks are delegated will continually grow as their experiences and skills develop in time, building the confidence, competency a collaboratively harmonious interpersonal relationship needed to properly and effectively care for each patien t within their jurisdiction. Working in partnership and cooperation with other members of the health care team for the benefit of the clients receiving health service where delegation of a nursing intervention is not required means that a collaborative relationship exists between the health care team. It is then important to maintain enhance relationships among employees by creating a social environment in which the team can attain their goals. Conclusion In summary, delegation is a process wherein new RNs must be able to understand to avoid any professional legal dilemma that may arise due to ignorance. There are tasks that the RN cannot delegate (QNC 2005a), aspects of nursing care like assessment of the client, planning on how to provide care, evaluation of the expected outcome was met after implementation and these should be strictly followed. Allocation of accountability in QNC (2005d, p. 15), states that RNs and midwives are accountable for delegation decisions and for the standard of care provided but if the RN or midwife ensured that the delegation decisions and level of supervision were appropriate, they would not be held accountable for inappropriate or unauthorized actions by another care provider. It is the role responsibility of the RN to see to it that the person to whom the task is being delegated to have the necessary education, experience skill to perform competently. It is important that a harmonious interpersona l relationship between team members are present because this would be the basis of a therapeutic, collaborative approach in rendering the best care possible to clients assigned to them. 2846 words

Bioprospecting :: Geology

Abstract The world's rainforests are host to a multitude of plant and animal species, thus comprising Earth's richest and most diverse natural resource. One of the greatest benefits that rainforests have to offer is its plentiful supply of active compounds, which are used presently in many pharmaceuticals and hold the potential for the next "miracle drug." Bioprospecting is the term used to describe the extraction of natural medicines from our rainforests. Present rates of deforestation, however, pose a serious threat to our "natural pharmacy" and are daily eliminating species of plants that might provide a possible cure. Establishing policies to regulate the bioprospecting industry is challenging, but underway so that humans can benefit from our rainforests while still protecting and conserving the environment. Return to Table of Contents Introduction 2100 AD : It's a horrible situation. Your loved one has been suffering from cancer and there is almost nothing you can do. All possible combinations of drugs have been tried, but still he is suffering from pain. For some reason, medical technology cannot find a way to leave him in peace, allowing him to enjoy his days until he fully recovers. Feeling helpless, you decide to do some research on your own, where you come across a native plant that indigenous peoples have been using for centuries to cure all kinds of pain resulting from various illnesses. This fills you with hope, thinking that you might be able to ease your loved one's pain. Pursuing this line of hope, you consult with some specialists in the medical field, only to become disheartened once again. The plant you read about no longer exists; due to the massive destruction of the rainforests the environment where this plant originated is long gone. 1998: Indigenous peoples have been using the natural resources of our rainforests for centuries to cure a variety of ailments. Medical science is very advanced, yet still cannot duplicate what nature has given us. The simplistic problem illustrated above is very real. Deforestation is not only disrupting ecosystems and wiping out precious animal species, it is also eliminating an enormous potential supply of medicines available in our rainforests. If proper action is not taken today, we will be sacrificing potential "miracle drugs" and losing an extremely valuable source of medicines. Return to Table of Contents What is Bioprospecting? In order to understand bioprospecting, the concept of biodiversity must first be clarified. Biodiversity is defined as "the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems in a region", or "the variety and variability of life.

Quality Web Design

Quality Web Design (QWD) Security Weaknesses Steve Gelin Submitted to: Jack Sibrizzi SE571: Principles of Information Security and Privacy Keller Graduate School of Management Submitted: 8/25/2012 Table of Contents Executive Summary3 Company Overview3 Security Vulnerabilities3 Software Vulnerabilities4 Hardware Vulnerabilities4 Recommended Solutions5 A Hardware Example Solution5 A Software Example Solution5Impact on Business Processes5 Summary5 References6 Executive Summary My paper focuses on a security assessment of Quality Web Design (QWD), which is a very successful company that is well-known for its magnificent and appealing websites; they work on trying to get your company or business in the top 10 search engine results so that searchers find you on the first page of the search results.They have a competitive pricing scheme going on, they offer many different options for their website construction, and they start by offering the customer a selection of pre-designed websites tha t they themselves can customize with their individual logos, text, images, themes or just a whole different template and any other information that would be helpful in catching the eye of potential customers. Company OverviewQuality Web Design (QWD) is a business that specifies and focuses on Web site, Web development, content design, programming, graphic design, photo editing and logo design for all types of businesses. QWD is a web graphic design and development company based out of Orlando, Fl. QWD cater to a huge and diverse clientele that spans across USA, UK and Canada. Security Vulnerabilities: Software Vulnerabilities Listed further down are two security vulnerabilities: software and hardware.These security vulnerabilities were identified through the initial verification of the QWD software usage for their web design company. A majority of QWD personnel require out of office access when working on projects for the company, so the use of Virtual Private Networks called (VPNâ €™s), Outlook Web email, Microsoft SQL 2008 Server and Microsoft Exchange 2007 email servers which utilize the corporate intranet resources.Remotely utilizing these programs or software out of the company will cause QWD to be exposed to attacks from the internet. But not only that, employees put the utilization of corporate equipment such as desktops, laptops & mobile devices (iPhones and Windows Mobile 6) in very harmful situations that the company will pay for dearly later as time progress. Having these equipment listed it is possible to incur outside attacks from the internet while utilizing the company intranet resource on a remote computer that is not protected.As I’ve read the different equipment listed within the QWD company it seems that there employee laptops, & mobile devices are being used unprotected over the internet which could lead to situations such as Trojan horses and email worms. For example Microsoft Exchange 2007 email servers has a well-known vulnera bility that could allow remote code execution, this vulnerability can allow an attacker to take control of your affected system with Exchange Server service account privileges or the attacker could just disable your services within Microsoft Exchange completely.Hardware Vulnerabilities The same can be said for the companies hardware systems listed such as their iPhones and Windows Mobile 6, these hardware devices that employees of QWD are devices that can easily be hacked by an outside user for example the iPhone 4 has a vulnerability that allows an intruder to be able to act silently and retrieve e-mail messages, SMS messages, calendar appointments, contact information, photos, music files, videos, along with any other data recorded by iPhone apps.The same can be said for their Windows Mobile 6 devices, there’s a well know issue with the Bluetooth function in all Windows Mobile 6 devices. This issue allows an individual to read or write any file that’s on your mobile device, even the Internet Explorer on Windows Mobile 6 and Windows Mobile 2003 for Smartphones allows attackers to cause a denial of service; which the attacker then uses to infiltrate your device to retrieve e-mail messages, SMS messages, and calendar appointments, contact information etc.From my research the only workaround provided for this vulnerability is not to accept pairing nor connection requests from unknown sources. So it would be better if the individuals who are using devices with Windows Mobile 6 as their operating system should be very mindful and careful of the things that they allow their devices to connect to. Recommended Solutions:For QWD the installation of anti-malware to protect against malicious applications, spyware, infected SD cards and malware-based attacks against their mobile or hardware devices such as iPhones, laptops etc. Strongly enforce security policies, such as mandating the use of strong PINs/Passcodes, use SSL VPN clients to effortlessly protect data in transit and ensure appropriate network authentication and access rights finally centralize locate and remote lock, wipe, backup and restore facilities for lost and stolen devices.As for software vulnerabilities the use of firewalls, on both laptops and desktops, anti-malware and spyware programs that will protect against malicious activities, updated software patches with the latest updates to security threats, the use of strong passwords and pass keys, when sending information over the internet whether classified or unclassified he use of an encryption tool to keep that information from being intercepted. Impact on Business Processes:As we all know as IT professional, there can be a lot of different impacts that can affect work progress within a company such as password update reminders, the cost that will be needed to implement these new changes, what would be the privacy, rules and regulations for these devices. Not only will these new changes cause confusion for the fir st few months of the change up, they may also cause employee’s to feel paranoid of the thought that their system could be compromised and that there being asked to constantly update things within their system.Summary: In summary this paper focuses on the vulnerabilities of QWD as a Web Design and development company, the software and hardware vulnerabilities of their system and the needed recommended solutions for all devices such as their iPhones and Windows Mobile 6 usable devices. These devices left unchecked can cause major issues to the company if such items were attacked and used to an attackers benefit. QWD as an organization must assess the situation with their software and hardware vulnerabilities and commence the proper and needed steps to counter these problems within QWD.References: Degerstrom, J. (2011). Browser Security and Quality Web Design. Retrieved from http://www. jimdegerstrom. com/blog/2011/05/browser-security-and-quality-web-design. html Lowe, S. (2009) . Patch these critical vulnerabilities in Exchange Server. Retrieved from http://www. techrepublic. om/blog/datacenter/patch-these-critical-vulnerabilities-in-exchange-server/611 Hamell, D. (2010). Malicious Mobile Threats Report. Retrieved from http://juniper. mwnewsroom. com/manual-releases/2011/At-Risk–Global-Mobile-Threat-Study-Finds-Security Norman, G. (2009). Windows Mobile 6. 0 Users Beware of Bluetooth Vulnerability. Retrieved from http://www. findmysoft. com/news/Windows-Mobile-6-0-and-6-1-Users-Beware-of-Bluetooth-Vulnerability/ Greenberg, A. (2011). iPhone Security Bug. Retrieved from

Effects of Junk food Essay

The moons of Saturn are a very interesting topic to research. Before beginning this amazing journey on the moons, first we must do a brief overview of the planet Saturn. Saturn is the sixth largest planet from the sun; it is very large and does not have very much water. This research paper will explore the different moons, the names, atmosphere, similarities and sizes of the moons. Saturn has 62 moons that have been discovered but only 52 have been given an official name while the others still are waiting to have specific information found out about them to give them a name. Only 18 moons have been officially sanctioned by the International Astronomical Union. The names of the moons come from characters in Greek and Roman mythology. The moons are made up of about 30 to 40 percent rock and about 60 to 70 percent water. The Saturn Moons so diversity in many area, let’s explore their differences. Since there are too many to name we will discuss the more poplar moons. Pan- Named a fter the Greek God of the wild, it is about 20km in diameter and its mass is 11x 10 15th lbs. Saturn is at a distance of 83,000 miles and has an orbital period around Saturn is 13.8 hours. Pan was discovered in 1990 by the Voyager team. A Pan orbit within the Encke Gap which is located in the Saturn’s A ring. The Encke Gap is a space in the A ring that helps Pan to orbit around Saturn. Helene- named after Greek goddess Helene popularly known as Helene of Troy and the name means torch. Helene’s moon is an irregular shape in body and is measured about36 x 32 x 30 km in diameter. The moon orbits Saturn at 234,500 in distance and its mass is 8x 10by 17. The surface materials are composed of particularly dark and organic rich mater and condense ices. Helene was discovered by P. Laques and J. Leacheus in the year 1990. Dione- Named after  Greek goddess Dione and the mother for Aphrodite she was describe as a temple associate. Dione is about 1,118km is diameter and has a density of 1.43gm/cm the rest is ice. The temperature is extremely cold and the distance from Saturn is 377,400 km, and includes crater area that measure about 100 km in diameter. Dione was discovered in 1684 by Giovanni Cassini. Rhea- Named after the god of fruitfulness the mother of Poseidon. Rhea is far away from and the second largest moon of Saturn. It is 1,528 km in size, its distance from the sun is 527,040 and it mass is2.31 x 10 sub 21 kg. Rhea’s temperature is cold like Dione and only one side of its surface faces Saturn. The surface of Rhea is a mixture of ice and rock similar to a frozen dirty snowball. Dione was discovered in 1672 by Giovanni Cassini. Mimas- Named after the Greek god giant of war. It looks like a bull’s eye by viewing in space. The surface of is covered with impact craters due to shock waves that happens on the moon which measure is size of about 40 kg . It is also very low in density and is composed of mostly water with small amounts of rock. The distance from Saturn is 185,520km, the period of orbit around Saturn is 22.6 hrs and its mass is 3.81 x 10 sub 19kg. The temperature of Mimas is minus 344 degrees Fahrenheit. It was discovered by Williams Herschel in 1789. Enceladus- Named the god that was responsible for tremors and volcanoes, and he was considered the leader of the giants. Distance from the Saturn is 237,378 km, about 512 x 494Ãâ€"489 km in diameter, its mass id 1.2 x 10 sub 20 kg. The period Encelasus orbit around Saturn is 32.8 hours. It is also covered in water ice and is about -330 degrees Fahrenheit. It also reflects the sunlight. It was di scovered by Williams Herschel in 1789. Titan- Named after group Greek gods who ruled the cosmos. Titan is largest of the Saturn’s moon and is the most Earthlike of its kind; it looks a lot like a frozen version of the plant earth. The surface is very cold; it has a temperature of -290 degrees Fahrenheit and has a thick atmosphere but does not hold gravity well. Titan’s atmosphere has an altitude 10 times higher than or nearly 600 km into space as oppose to the earth. According to a space expedition in 1980 by the Voyager 1Titan showed to only have air pressure of one and a half at sea level and four times as dense of the earth. Titan has chemical readings is mostly gas about 95% nitrogen and 5% methane, which are two chemicals that are present in earth’s surface. Nitrogen help produces this thick smog like cloud that can hold water and  produces rain. With the help of methane which is a gas allows the cloud s rain to produce or rain down liquids similar to gasoline. Titan orbits Saturn 1.2 million km or 745,000 miles it take16 days to make complete circle. The radius is 2,575 km and 112 km in diameter. The Greek mythology of how the naming group of Titans , hence thus the naming of the moons came about, the Titans devoured the limbs of Dionysus, the son of Zeus (the god of thunder and war) was intended to have dominion over the world. Zeus was so angry he struck the titans with lighting and the fire burned them to ashes. The moons of Saturn are too numerous to number, just like the story of the Titans. They all have their own characteristics, this paper only names a few, here are the rest: Aegean, Aegir, Albiorix, Anthe, Benhionn, Bergeimir, Calypso, Dapjnis, Epimetheus, Erriapus, Farbauti, Fenrir, Fornjot, Greip, Hati, Hyperion, Hyrrokkin, Lapetus, Lijraq, Janus, Jamsaxa, Kari, Kiviug, Loge, Methone, Mundifari, Narvi, Paaliaq, Pallene, Phoebe, Polydueces, Siamaq, Skadi, Skoll, Suttung, Tarqeq, Telesto, Tethys, Thrym, Ymir. The names of these moons will continue to grow as new moons are discovered. The moons will begin the naming process which astronomer gives each moon a temporary name that will follow this format S/2011-S1. The first S stands for Saturn and the second S after the stands for its satellite or location in space. Then the names are assigning by the International Astronomical Union. In conclusion, with the study of the moons of Saturn we learned that some range very large in size. We also learned the amount of time it takes each moon s to orbit Saturn. The time varies amongst the moon of Saturn. The all of the temperature each of the moons are too cold for human life to be sustained, and the surfaces of each one of the moons are somewhat similar; with the exception of the moon Titan. During the study of the Titan moons the discovery of the similarities between the planet Earth and Titan’s atmosphere. The naming of the moons came from Greek mythology and the history of the Greek gods were interesting the in its own way. Finally, scientists are still discover ing new moons in Saturn’s atmosphere, as of today there are only 53 moons officially named; who knows how many more are lurking out there. References The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2011 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Pan-ast.html Hatzitsinidou, Evangelia. (2005-2011). Greek-Gods.Info Gods and Goddess of Ancient Greece. October 26,2011, http://www.greek-gods.info/greek-mythology/a.php Munsell,Kirk. (2011). Cassini Solstice Misson. November 23, 2011, http://www.jpl.nasa.gov./science/mooms

people of dubai essays

people of dubai essays My topic for research is What makes a Club successful? I chose this topic because I find it extremely interesting that on certain nights only selected night clubs are popluar, depending on the music theme and the cover charge. So, I wanted to look into it more deeply and see the otherfactors that contribute to making a night club popluar. If I wanted to open a club in Manchester, New Hampshire, I would need to know what are the key factors that would contribute to its success and attract the targeted crowd. The kind of music, dress code, location, ambience, drinks served, cover charge - all play a part in the success of the good night club. I want to study what are the facotrs that make or break a night club because, I feel, I ti s very important to know all this due to th intense competition. People would lie about the cover charge and entrace fees being reasonable or too expensive. The people working at the club might not give correct information. I may not be able to go visit all the clubs in manchester, due to lack of transportation. I am assuming I will do this research without an biases. Clubs that are open till later than others will attract more people. Lower entrance fee will attract more people. Lowering the age limit to 18years will bring in underage troublemakers, who would want to drink. I am sure I can do this reasearch and get the results I am looking for. Will the popularity of the club increase if the ages limit is reduced to 18+? Does the amount of entrance fee have an influence on the kind people who go there, in terms of age, occupation, etc If the club is open till later than others, will it attract more people? ...

Jennie Phan Essays

Jennie Phan Essays Jennie Phan Paper Jennie Phan Paper Board Essay Task Mark could never imagine that this telephone call could change his life forever. â€Å"Whenever I think about what happened, I always think that it is a miracle that changed my life. It’s like my accidental destiny! † Mark said. Twenty years ago, when Mark was a twenty-five-year-old man, he was still living in a garret of one of the oldest building in New York City. He used to work as an effective worker of a small chocolate factory. He specialized in making the confectionery from chocolate and cocoa. He then quit his job because of his dissatisfaction with the treatment of the manager and the poor condition of working there. He was unemployed for the time being and lived on very little. However, he still continued carrying out experiments to find and create some new flavours of candy with the help of his closest friend Annie – a professor of chemistry in Boston University. They cooperated with each other in developing some flavours of the confectionery. Contrary to Mark’s expectation, it did not worked out as they were having many trouble with finding such an excellent flavor that could attract the producers. One day, as usual, Mark sat on his desk and started working. Ten days had passed but his research still went nowhere. Suddenly, an idea crossed his mind. He immediately stood up, ran to his â€Å"laboratory† – a large space near the corner of the room where he used to do experiments – and then spent a whole day in there. It was not until the nightfall that he stopped to find something to eat and right after that, he came back to work again. After many hours conducting experiments, he finally felt an incredible sense of relief. With a new research on his hands, Mark went towards the telephone and made a phone call to Annie. He hurriedly dialed her telephone. Mark was so excited that he spoke right after the receiver had picked the phone up. Hi Ann! I know that it is very late now but I really want to tell you an important thing. † Mark went to the point â€Å"I have just found a new flavor of candy. I’m sure that you will be surprised a lot when you taste it. It is very strange but simple as well. Do you ever think about making chocolates with aromatic wine inside? Of course we just use a little amount of wine to make the chocolate smell attractive and tasty. We also can add a few cashew nuts along with almond, a little milk and button in the chocolate candy. I’ve just tried and I think it is perfectly wonderful! You should try once†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mark talked a blue streak. After that, Mark stopped to wait for the reaction of his partner. The receiver was silent for nearly a minute and then suddenly exclaimed: â€Å" Oh! It’s extremely amazing! Why have I never thought about it before? You are truly a genius! † Mark was very surprised as the voice he had just heard did not belong to Annie. It belonged to another man. He realized that he had accidentally dialed the wrong number and worse, he had just told a stranger his biggest invention. â€Å"Who are you? † Mark worriedly asked. â€Å"Oh! I’m so sorry for my rudeness. † The stranger said â€Å" My name is Steven Springfield. I’m the CEO of ChocoChips Company. Can I have your name? † Mark was so surprised that he could not speak a word. He could not believe his ears. ChocoChips Company was one of the biggest companies in the world where they specialized in producing the confectionery. Mark had known Mr. Springfield and his company since he was ten and he had been always dreaming of working in there and becoming a person like him. â€Å"Hi†¦ My name is†¦ Mark†¦ Mark Potter. Nice to meet you, Mr. Springfield. †. â€Å" Nice to meet you, Mr. Potter. I am surprised a lot when I listen to what you said. I really like your ideal. It is incredible! And if you don’t mind, I want to copyright it. I will pay it at any cost. What do you think about my request? Or may I meet you some time? We can talk carefully about it. † said Mr. Springfield. â€Å"That’s a great idea. I will be free tomorrow. We can meet tomorrow morning. Is it good for you? †. â€Å"Certainly, please come to my office any time you want. I will wait for you. You know its address, don’t you†. â€Å"Yes, I do† Mark said â€Å"I will meet you at 8 a. m. † The next day, Mark came to ChocoChips Company to meet Mr. Springfield. They had a long conversation. Not only Mr. Springfield but also all of the other board members of the company were very impressed by Mark’s idea. As a result, he was employed and in charge of product development. Since then, his life has changed completely. By his excellent abilities, Mark made the board, especially the CEO, feels so satisfied with his work. He has created many excellent flavours of the confectionery which have been loved by children all over the world. The sales of the company has raised a lot accordingly. Within ten years, he got a lot of promotions and became a very famous man. Mark is not a poor unemployed man anymore. He now is the CEO of ChocoChips Company. He took over from the previous one – Mr. Springfield – after his retirement. He has moved to live in an extremely luxurious apartment in Manhattan, New York. Many people want to be like Mark Potter. He is praised for his succession and his great career. Somebody even said that Mark had changed the face of the confectionery industry of the USA. However, whenever Mark was asked about his secret of succession, he just says: â€Å"If it had not been for that accidentally wrong call, I would not have had the career like I have today. That phone call did change my life forever! †

7 You Know What I Meant Mistakes

7 You Know What I Meant Mistakes 7 â€Å"You Know What I Meant† Mistakes 7 â€Å"You Know What I Meant† Mistakes By Mark Nichol One can often stumble through a sentence that isn’t quite right and then backtrack to make sense of it and then, reasonably confident of its meaning, slog out again and continue on one’s way. Or one can waltz right through a sentence and keep right on dancing. Which technique do you prefer your readers to follow? (Hint: What would you, as a reader, rather do?) Don’t let â€Å"You know what I meant† be your byword for stringing trains of words together avoid these almost-right constructions. (Links to related posts follow each example.) 1. â€Å"The agency acquired the parcel in 1931, but at that time in the heart of the Great Depression public acquisition of the adjacent property was not feasible even though it grove was offered at a bargain price.† A sentence is allowed one em dash, which sets off one part of the sentence from another with a sudden break to indicate an abrupt change in direction or a surprising statement, or a pair of em dashes to serve as a more emphatic replacement for two commas or a brace of parentheses. If you find yourself with three em dashes, convert a singleton to a comma or use parenthetical alternatives for the pair; two’s company, but three’s a crowd: â€Å"The agency acquired the parcel in 1931, but at that time in the heart of the Great Depression public acquisition of the adjacent property was not feasible, even though the grove was offered at a bargain price.† (em dashes). 2. â€Å"Those who opt for military service would only serve as military police, truck drivers or in homeland-security posts.† In a list of items, use one preposition to serve the entire list, or pair each item up with its own preposition; opting for something in between violates the requirement of parallel structure. My revision makes â€Å"military police or truck drivers† a single compound list item. Note, too, the inversion of only and serve (and the resulting change of meaning): â€Å"Those who opt for military service would serve only as military police or truck drivers or in homeland-security posts.† (parallel list structure in a sentence) 3. â€Å"The film is less concerned with naval warfare than close-ups of the star’s face.† The lack of a parallel marker in the sentence makes the reader stumble, as if one has reached the top of a stairway before one expects to. (The statement appears to mean that the film is less concerned with naval warfare than close-ups of the star’s face are concerned about naval warfare, and the sentence should end with are no, wait, that’s not what it means.) The insertion of a second with to more clearly identify the juxtaposed parallel phrases â€Å"naval warfare† and â€Å"close-ups of the star’s face† guides the reader’s steps: â€Å"The film is less concerned with naval warfare than with close-ups of the star’s face.† (parallel phrase structure within a sentence) 4. â€Å"As an entrepreneur, name recognition is important and the new name is more recognizable.† The implication of this sentence is that name recognition is an entrepreneur. However, the intent is to communicate that the writer is an entrepreneur and that for that reason, it is important that the name of the person’s business stand out. To express this idea effectively, the introductory clause requires a personal pronoun; I have also inserted a comma before the beginning of the final clause to set it off more distinctly: â€Å"Because I am an entrepreneur, name recognition is important, and the new name is more recognizable.† (dangling modifier) 5. â€Å"The agency cites strong evidence linking a cold virus to the mysterious SARS that has killed seventeen people worldwide.† This sentence implies that more than one mysterious SARS exists, and the one in question is responsible for seventeen deaths. However, the writer is referring to the one and only SARS, which is mysterious and which has killed seventeen people. That reading is effected by the simple insertion of a comma and the change of the restrictive that to the nonrestrictive which: â€Å"The agency cites strong evidence linking a cold virus to the mysterious SARS, which has killed seventeen people worldwide.† (restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses) 6. â€Å"It would be something analogous to a YMCA (which stands for ‘Young Men’s Christian Association’).† This sentence indicates that a YMCA a building stands in for a spelled-out name. It is the initials, however, that substitute for the full name: â€Å"It would be something analogous to a YMCA (the initials of which stand for ‘Young Men’s Christian Association’).† (mistaking a name for an entity) 7. â€Å"Smith himself could not do the job because he had angered many supporters through his support of the reservoir project.† As (not) punctuated, this sentence implies that Smith could do the job, but not for the reason stated; another (unstated) reason explains his suitability. But what the writer means is that Smith could not do the job, and the dependent clause (the one beginning with because) explains why. A comma inserted before the clause clarifies that this latter interpretation is correct: â€Å"Smith himself could not do the job, because he had angered many supporters through his support of the reservoir project.† Better yet, invert the clauses, but trade the pronoun in the dependent clause for the person’s name: â€Å"Because Smith had angered many supporters through his support of the reservoir project, he himself could not do the job.† (punctuating before a dependent clause) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Story5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

International market research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International market research - Essay Example It is therefore paramount to understand that marketing research must be conducted by clients so that their audiences are traced much before the product/service is launched within the respective market territories, domains and zones. International marketing mix depends a great deal on how the distinctive marketing research tenets are discussed and what these factors outline is a need to amalgamate the essential present within the international marketing mix. The domestic marketing research is severely different because it aims to explore a national basis whereas the international regimes think and act within the global empire. Hence the marketing research is varied for both kinds of arenas, and there is reason enough to believe that each one of these has a calming influence on the two. This paper studies the basis of the international marketing mix decisions which require many varied kinds of marketing research that are global in nature and how the same are differentiated from the dom estic marketing research realms is something that shall be given significance here, with global examples. It is a fact that the marketing research which is measured within an international context is comparatively different from the one which is taken in within a domestic environment. The reason for the same is that there are many stakeholders when one considers the two cases. These include the businesses, the industrial giants, the stock exchanges, and so on. When data gets collected within an international marketing research regime, the focus is on collecting a sample of people who hail from a number of different nations and not just a singular country. However this is not the case when one thinks of the domestic regimes where the focus is on a particular country. One such example is of the marketing research that was done for Kellogg’s when it diversified into a new product line for the US markets. This was a domestic marketing research example and hence emphasis was put w ithin the local terrains. However when the marketing research was conducted for LG as a brand, the scope was global and hence a number of different countries were taken into consideration. Since LG is a global brand of repute and dignity, proper care was taken into count that many samples were explored and then analyzed upon in detail. The sample size was chosen to make sure that there was no missing link present with it. The marketing research was therefore very comprehensive and the samples were chosen with attention to detail. Hence the marketing research differences between Kellogg’s and LG are quite apparent here as the samples were chosen in light of the markets that were to be covered by the respective brands. If Kellogg’s wanted to move out and touch bases within other nations of the world, its audience would have been different and hence the scope would have broadened up as well. The approach used by Kellogg’s and LG are similar yet the scope for the tw o brands has been different. This is the reason why marketing research has been seen as international in one case and domestic in the other. Moving on, the most basic difference between international marketing research and domestic marketing research is that the former concentrates on the world’s different audiences while the latter is dependent on a single nation or entity so to speak. What this means is the fact that international mar

Financial Resource Management and Healthcare Reimbursement Research Paper

Financial Resource Management and Healthcare Reimbursement - Research Paper Example There is an increase in the number of Medicaid patients and children enrolled in the children’s health insurance program of the state. This has affected our payer mixing which has consequently led to a decline in our reimbursement and the quarterly disbursement that we give to the physicians. The pediatric endocrinologist has approached me with a proposal to have his remuneration increased. He is asking for an additional stipend to his regularly covered services. Many partners have also suggested that we ought to increase the clinic services. They have come up with ideas on how to implement this plan. The increase in clinic services is a costly affair that will influence our finances. One of the partners is of the opinion that we contract a pediatric oncologist who will be seeing patients on a monthly clinic day. Another has suggested that since the contract for the Indian health contract was up for renewal soon, we can target that patient population and serve it through an ou treach arrangement where one or two pediatricians can travel to clinics reserved for the patients or the patients can come to our clinic. These ideas are quite brilliant since they are ventures that have the potential of earning additional revenue to the institution (McKeever, 2012). Many factors influence the price charged across the pediatric services worldwide. One is the remuneration that is paid to pediatric practitioners that in turn depends on the level of qualification and the number of cases that the medic attends. The other factor is the cost of conforming to the laws of the state regarding pediatric services for example the cost of obtaining a license to do the business. The type of illness also determines the charges since some diseases require more resources to treat than others can. There is also the cost of medical equipment like syringes, stethoscopes, and microscopes among others. Revenue collection is a vital process for any business since it is the only way

Health and Safety Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health and Safety Management - Assignment Example It is important to emphasize to employees that they can talk freely about health and safety and that they have an assessable system in place that provides an open transparent conduit by which they can voice their concerns. It is important to provide a formal, scheduled meeting, or even an ad hoc open session to receive regular feedback.   Simple forms posted on bulletin board announcing discussions on health and safety issues are encouraged.   Each day, an average of 9,000 U.S. workers sustain disabling injuries on the job, 17 workers die from an injury sustained at work, and 137 workers die from work-related diseases. The economic burden of this continuing toll is high. Data from federal studies published in 1997 showed that in 1992, direct and indirect costs of occupational injuries and illnesses totaled $171 billion. These costs are compared to costs for other major health problems in the chart at the top of the next page. The function and purpose of regulations are to give details of requirements that must be observed in the workplace.   Regulations are the second tier of current legislation. While they are subordinate to the existing laws, they still represent legal requirements, and failure to comply will generally be an offence punishable by a fine. The Act (Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995, is about making workplaces and work practices safer for everyone.) (The State of Queensland (Department of Employment and Industrial Relations) 2006. broadly outlines the legal obligations employers and workers have to workplace health and safety. The Regulations set out goals for meeting these legal obligations and making workplaces safe.   Employers and workers can tailor safety measures to the needs of individual workplaces provided the outcomes specified in the Regulations are achieved.

History of Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Architecture - Essay Example The organic theme in architecture refers to different individual parts of the building being related to the integrated whole structure. The part-to-whole association as a basic element of the architecture has been consciously endorsed by Lloyd Wright (Harris 93), as seen in his Wayfarers Chapel. Similarly, Casa Mila (Figure 1.) depicting Art Nouveau architecture is a free-form mass located around a street corner. The organic architecture includes the faà §ade which has a wavy cut-stone wall with a rough surface suggesting naturally worn rock. The undulating balconies appear like a series of oceanic waves. The faà §ade is also considered to look like a cliff-like rock with caves, and the building was named as the â€Å"quarry† or Pedrera, which emphasized its natural look. Moreover, â€Å"the entrance portals (Figure 2) look like eroded sea caves† (Kleiner 848). Further, the wrought iron entrance gates (Figure 2), balcony grills and interior window work (Figures 3a and 3b), besides woodwork and hydraulic mosaics (Gaudi et al 262) are based on organic botanical motifs with highly stylized, flowing forms. Distinctively, the rooftop is adorned with twisted chimney stacks and ventilators in unusual biomorphic forms (Figures 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d), with a surrealistic effect (Kleiner 848). The interiors are characterized by the curving lines of arches and room spaces with no right angles (Figure 5) From the plaster of the ceilings are created various organic designs such as the foam of waves, petals of flowers, or tentacles of the octopus (Figure 6). Like the Casa Mila, organic architecture is integral to The Wayfarers Chapel or the â€Å"Glass Church† (Figure 7) created by Lloyd Wright. However, in this case, the organic architecture is related to its location in a scenic setting in the middle of nature.

Dunkin Donuts case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dunkin Donuts case - Essay Example With this concern, the essay will qualitatively along with financially analyze and recommend better implementation strategies for DD in addressing and mitigating the aforementioned issues. II. DUNKIN DONUTS AND TOMMY’S FRANCHISE STORE ANALYSIS Tommy can be apparently observed as serving a franchise owner of DD for more than 17 years. However, as days passed, the performance of Tommy’s store declined as per the standard of Customer Satisfaction Guide (CSG). This eventually resulted in deteriorating the franchisee standard of DD. Besides, DD has also been making complaints against Tommy about his non-payment of fees to DD within the stipulated time period. Thus, considering the aforementioned situation, it can be affirmed that DD should disenfranchise its affiliation with Tommy and restructure the store into a company-owned establishment. The company-owned store would certainly assist DD towards making greater sales through having greater control over the operational func tions (Trefis, â€Å"How Important Are Company Owned Stores to Mcdonald’s Stock ?†). However, prior to making this decision, certain options that have been provided to this situation require to be analyzed. These options have been elaborated hereunder. 1) Maintaining Tommy as Franchisee. The initial option, which has been provided to DD in this situation, is keeping Tommy as the franchise owner till the end of the contract. It can be affirmed that this particular option would not be appropriate for DD owing to Tommy’s bad performance in maintaining the standards of his franchise store, which in turn, affected the brand image of DD at large. In addition, the non-payment of fees in a fixed time period by Tommy might also generate certain potential problems between him and DD. Thus, this option would not be relevant for DD in the situation of buying the store of Tommy with the lowest probable price. 2) Royce as a New Franchisee Replacing Tommy’s Position. Th e second option of replacing Tommy with another franchise named Royce has been given to DD. It is strongly believed that Royce will not only be able to meet the industry standards, but would also deliver significant profits to DD. Therefore, this particular option can be justified on the grounds that DD will get 4.5 and 4.9% variable fee along with additional rental fee above sales of $165,000. 3) Company Owned Store at Tommy’s Franchise. The third option is to form a company owned store at Tommy’s franchise. This could be a favorable option for DD in terms of making significant profits. Assuming that this particular store would generate a sale of $ 290,000 and the total profit margin of a company owned store is of 13%, the total cash flow and the profit margin of a company owned store would be more as compared to a franchise store. This can be better understood with the help of the following tabular representation. Apart from attaining substantial profitability, DD ca n also be benefitted from this option i.e. setting up a company owned store at Tommy’s franchise in terms of effectively monitoring the store, scrutinizing customers’ voice and controlling various operational functions of the store efficiently contributing further to its well-built brand image (Chabaud and Saussier, â€Å"Incentives and Control In Company-Owned Vs. Franchised Outlets: An Empirical Study At The Chain

Death Marches of the Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Death Marches of the Holocaust - Essay Example fall into enemy hands alive to tell their stories to Allied and Soviet liberators (2) The SS thought they needed prisoners to maintain production of armaments wherever possible (3) Some SS leaders, including Himmler, believed irrationally that they could use Jewish concentration camp prisoners as hostages to bargain for a separate peace in the west that would guarantee the survival of the Nazi regime (Holocaust Encyclopedia). Thus, one is clear that the Germans prevented the prisoners escaping from the concentration camps, and if anybody attempts to escape or protest against this injustice, they would either be severely tortured or killed. Evacuation The evacuation of the soldiers was so brutal that thousands of prisoners were forced to move through a worst climate. According to Yehuda Bauer, on January 18, 1945, about 66,020 â€Å"†¦starving prisoners were marched out of the camp shivering in the bitter winter cold dressed in the now familiar thin, striped clothed and wearing, for the most part, only wooden shoes or sandals where their feet were not covered in rags† (Bauer 1). The words of Bauer exactly portray the picture of the Death marches. He further adds that the prisoners were treated as animals and â€Å"were either forced to march on foot, driven relentlessly and senselessly through the snow-covered countryside, beaten and starved, anyone lagging behind would shot without mercy; or they were herded, 80 to 100 persons or more, onto uncovered railway cars without water or food for days on end† (Bauer 1). Historical analysis reveals that the Death Marches continued for about four months till the defeat of the Germans. After effect of the evacuation As stated earlier, the Death Marches, as the names symbolizes, were really marches of death. Jennifer Rosenberg... This essay discusses that the evacuation of the soldiers was so brutal that thousands of prisoners were forced to move through the worst climate. On January 18, 1945, about 66,020 â€Å"†¦starving prisoners were marched out of the camp shivering in the bitter winter cold dressed in the now familiar thin, striped clothed and wearing, for the most part, only wooden shoes or sandals where their feet were not covered in rags†. The words of Bauer exactly portray the picture of the Death marches. He further adds that the prisoners were treated as animals and â€Å"were either forced to march on foot, driven relentlessly and senselessly through the snow-covered countryside, beaten and starved, anyone lagging behind would shot without mercy; or they were herded, 80 to 100 persons or more, onto uncovered railway cars without water or food for days on end†. Historical analysis reveals that the Death Marches continued for about four months till the defeat of the Germans. Some of the studies have identified that even after the death marches still there remained about 70000 prisoners in the concentration camps. It has also been identified that at least a quarter of a million prisoners were sent on death marches which lasted for weeks and hundreds of kilometers. The death marches continued to the very day of German fall. It was unparallel in history that majority of the survivors are of the opinion that it would be better to be killed in the gas chambers than undergoing all these tortures. Thus it unearths the fate of the prisoners in the Death Marches.

Dunkin Donuts case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dunkin Donuts case - Essay Example With this concern, the essay will qualitatively along with financially analyze and recommend better implementation strategies for DD in addressing and mitigating the aforementioned issues. II. DUNKIN DONUTS AND TOMMY’S FRANCHISE STORE ANALYSIS Tommy can be apparently observed as serving a franchise owner of DD for more than 17 years. However, as days passed, the performance of Tommy’s store declined as per the standard of Customer Satisfaction Guide (CSG). This eventually resulted in deteriorating the franchisee standard of DD. Besides, DD has also been making complaints against Tommy about his non-payment of fees to DD within the stipulated time period. Thus, considering the aforementioned situation, it can be affirmed that DD should disenfranchise its affiliation with Tommy and restructure the store into a company-owned establishment. The company-owned store would certainly assist DD towards making greater sales through having greater control over the operational func tions (Trefis, â€Å"How Important Are Company Owned Stores to Mcdonald’s Stock ?†). However, prior to making this decision, certain options that have been provided to this situation require to be analyzed. These options have been elaborated hereunder. 1) Maintaining Tommy as Franchisee. The initial option, which has been provided to DD in this situation, is keeping Tommy as the franchise owner till the end of the contract. It can be affirmed that this particular option would not be appropriate for DD owing to Tommy’s bad performance in maintaining the standards of his franchise store, which in turn, affected the brand image of DD at large. In addition, the non-payment of fees in a fixed time period by Tommy might also generate certain potential problems between him and DD. Thus, this option would not be relevant for DD in the situation of buying the store of Tommy with the lowest probable price. 2) Royce as a New Franchisee Replacing Tommy’s Position. Th e second option of replacing Tommy with another franchise named Royce has been given to DD. It is strongly believed that Royce will not only be able to meet the industry standards, but would also deliver significant profits to DD. Therefore, this particular option can be justified on the grounds that DD will get 4.5 and 4.9% variable fee along with additional rental fee above sales of $165,000. 3) Company Owned Store at Tommy’s Franchise. The third option is to form a company owned store at Tommy’s franchise. This could be a favorable option for DD in terms of making significant profits. Assuming that this particular store would generate a sale of $ 290,000 and the total profit margin of a company owned store is of 13%, the total cash flow and the profit margin of a company owned store would be more as compared to a franchise store. This can be better understood with the help of the following tabular representation. Apart from attaining substantial profitability, DD ca n also be benefitted from this option i.e. setting up a company owned store at Tommy’s franchise in terms of effectively monitoring the store, scrutinizing customers’ voice and controlling various operational functions of the store efficiently contributing further to its well-built brand image (Chabaud and Saussier, â€Å"Incentives and Control In Company-Owned Vs. Franchised Outlets: An Empirical Study At The Chain

My Philosophy change is a challenge Essay Example for Free

My Philosophy change is a challenge Essay I. Introduction Man needs philosophy in order to be able to think, act and live accordingly. It is a basic blueprint of a man’s actions from thinking, to interacting with others. The only thing that is constant is change. This saying is indeed true especially in the Philippine Education System. For every change implemented lies challengers on the part of the classroom teachers who portrays varied roles. The rapid changes in the world have made curriculum design even more difficult. to be globally competitive II. Aims of my Philosophy chosen There is a need to revise the curriculum from time to time for us to suit the needs of time. We should go on with the flow of life and we should revise it now because curriculum in the past is not anymore very effective or suited for today’s generation As pro active individual I consider Change as a challenge and not a threat. Meeting new challenges require the opportunity to take risks and try new ideas. As a learning individual change is inevitable to meet the needs of society. In a fast changing society education is one way to connect oneself to the past and to project into the future and therefore aims in Philosophy should be considered. III. Role of Philosophy chosen to Education Education and philosophy are closely tied together; both are associated with teaching, learning, and discovering. Philosophy is more of an all-encompassing part of life, though; education is a more specific form of it. Due to the contributions of philosophers over the centuries, education has developed into the powerful tool that it is today. Without philosophy, education would essentially not exist. That said importance of philosophy in education is in fact the foundation in which all academic teaching and intellectual learning is built off. IV. Role of Philosophy to the content development 1. It guides everyone to plan collaboratively for school change to meet the learner’s diverse needs 2. It serves as a vehicle to open new ideas for positive outcomes 3 It strengthens the goals on meeting challenges for a fully functional learner. Language is dynamic as well as the curriculum. We have different curriculum in the past and in the present. We are now in a globally competitive world. A world that also needs competitive teachers and students. So, how will you become competitive if your curriculum is traditional? And is not aware of the new trends of teaching today? Students now are fond of using computers. They will probably choose going to the computer shop than going to school. As a teacher, what will you do? Don’t be a boring teacher! An effective way of solving this kind of phenomena is that the teachers must use technology in teaching. Make it as your partner in delivering a lesson so that the students will not get bored. Make a teaching-learning process lively and meaningful. Teaching and learning give life and meaning to the curriculum because this is the process wherein the teacher and the students interact with each other interchangeably or vice versa. If there is an effective teaching-learning process, it’s really a big help to the curriculum. It’s a big honor because each complements and supplements each other. The value placed in teaching will reap the same value in learning. Thus, a good curriculum can be judged by the kind if teaching and the quality of learning derived from it. The most important thing to keep in mind about strategic content development is that it’s truly an improvisational process. The reason why you want to identify as many viable options for potentially remarkable content is simple: You’ll almost certainly need to make adjustments on the process, and it’s easier to do that when you’ve already identified alternatives. So, the final aspect of strategic content development is to constantly evaluate what happened along the way, and why. The most valuable lessons are often found in the things that didn’t work, so treat it all as a learning experience that keeps your content constantly fresh and worth talking about. V. Significant effect of this curriculum development to the current trends in attaining universal truth in Educational Process In 2012 Deped’s K 12 Program goes full blast. Brother Armin Luistro has described the implementation of the universal primary or pre-school education in the Philippines as the â€Å"defining moment† in the administration of President Aquino as it seeks to implement reforms with deep impact on the welfare of Filipino children and the youth. DepEd’s enhanced curriculum aims to meet the overall objective of preparing children for productive work, either as employees or entrepreneurs, while maintaining its current academic thrust It seems that the President is rushing this program before his term ends. If this program is not implemented well, we might not achieve our real objectives. And all we have done is to disrupt the whole system. Changing programs and implementing new ones is not cheap. Will the next President change the system again? In a survey conducted by SWS from Aug. 24 to 27 last year showed growing acceptability of the key features of the K-12 program compared to survey results in March 2012. About 72 percent of Filipino adults believe that K-12 will give students more sufficient knowledge and preparation for work and college compared to those who finished 10 years of basic education, garnering a net rating of +48, up from +35 last March. The percentage of Filipinos who believe that more students will be encouraged to finish the two-year SHS because it is equivalent to two years of college hit 69 percent, or a 10- point increase from 59 percent in March. The results showed that 68 percent of Filipinos with a net rating of +39 believe that more students will finish SHS even with the additional cost and number of years because K-12 graduate will be better prepared for work, higher education, and business. The results of the survey did’nt even reach 75% which means some are not amenable to the new program. Although the selling point of K to 12 is the assurance that graduates of Senior High School will be able to work immediately, even before or without seeking a college degree Under certain circumstances, it is possible to revise only the high school curriculum. Even in this case, we have to wait until those already in First Year have finished Fourth Year (under the present system). After drawing up a curriculum on paper (including such things as expected competencies, prerequisites, qualifications, learning areas, scope, coverage, and outcomes), curriculum designers have to think about the textbooks and other instructional materials that will have to be created for the new or revised subjects. Although teacher training is a separate process, curriculum designers also have to give pointers on how teachers should be trained to handle the subjects. There also has to be some way to determine if and when the curriculum needs to be revised; this is called program assessment or evaluation. Because of abrupt implementation teachers are really having a hard time coping with the changes not to mention the lack of classrooms, instructional materials and the real physical situation of the learners. If the government can financially sustain the program without adding too much burden on parents, it’s worth giving it a try. However, nowadays, most of the students are the happy-go-lucky types who do not regard education as their priority. They’d rather bum around in malls or stay glued to computers. As a result, most graduates are half-baked, who can’t even write or speak good English, unlike the students of yesteryears. Before, a Grade 6 pupils then could already teach. An additional two years to the basic education curriculum could spell two more years of burden to poor parents who could hardly send their children to school. Before full implementation, there usually is a year-long pilot to debug the curriculum, as well as a longer transition period within which some students will be following the old curriculum and some following the new. Curriculum should not only focus on the tools necessary to develop reasoned and logical construction of new knowledge in our various fields of study, but also should aggressively cultivate a culture that nurtures creativity in all of our learners. This point seems particularly important.

The Kill Of Stephen Lawrence Sociology Essay

The Kill Of Stephen Lawrence Sociology Essay Although the killing of Stephen Lawrence in 1993 was one of the few racist murders in British history to result in extensive media coverage, a public investigation and a change in the law, the reporting of black crime in the United Kingdom has remained subject to distortion and moral panic, especially in the conservative tabloid press. Since Lawrence and his family were portrayed as aspiring members of the middle class, the media in general did not really regard him as part of black culture at all, at least as the media has defined it over the last thirty years: guns, drugs, gangs, street crime, poverty and school drop outs (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 263). Therefore, despite much sound and fury, there is no evidence that Lawrences murder and its aftermath led to fundamental change in the systematic racism of the British media, and other institutions such as the police and education system. Nor is there evidence that the racist ideology that is used towards blacks, immigrants, Mus lims and asylum-seekers has disappeared as a resultfar from it. This dissertation will consider the definition of racism as socially and historically constructed, and part of the institutions and ideology of society, and then examine how it has applied to the treatment blacks and other ethnic minorities in the UK since the 1940s, focusing on the Lawrence case and its aftermath. Finally, it will consider whether racism in the media has gradually been transferred to other targets in the wake of the attacks of September 11, 2001 and July 2005, with less emphasis on street crime, gangs, drugs and the crack wars of the 1970s-90s. This does not mean that young black males are no longer the target of racist stereotyping in the media, since as late as 2007 even a committee of the House of Commons agreed that they still were, only that racist impulses and ideologies seem to go through phases in which certain targets receive more attention than others (House of Commons, 2007) CHAPTER 1.1: WHY THIS TOPIC IS INTERESTING TO ME This topic first came to my attention several months ago during the summer, when it seemed that everyday young people were being killed by young males carrying knives. At the time the newspapers that covered these stories made it seem that it was only young black males that carried knives and the problem that the police had to deal with was not that of a few individuals who were carrying and using knives but that of a wider more prevalent issue with black culture. At the time of reading these stories I found it quite strange that over time the underlying story seemed to be the same but the details had changed. For example, I remember not too long ago, it was young black males that were most likely to mug you, it was young black males dealing drugs on estates and young black males being involved in gang shooting (McLaughlin and Murji,2001, p 265). These acts seemed to, in my opinion come in waves. Due to reports like these, the general public is of the assumption that young black males are very dangerous individuals and should be feared (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 265). I wanted to find out whether the newspapers and the media in general were justified in their approach on reporting black crime or whether they are scare-mongering for the sake of sales. CHAPTER 1.2: AIMS As stated above, the main aim of this dissertation would be to see if in fact the general media are in fact correct in the way in which they report crime or do they fuel public panic, and in turn fuel racism. I would like to find out whether the media is helping or hindering the general publics understanding of black people. Also, I hope that my research will enable me to answer questions on the way media is used and misused. In addition to that, I would like to find out whether the events that took place that lend to Stephen Lawrences murder was a turning point in the way that journalist conduct their articles and if after the Macpherson report has anything changed. Lastly I would like to find out if I am right in my assumption that the way in which the media (especially the tabloid press) have place black people on the back burner for the time being, and are concentrating on other ethnic minorities, such as Asian etc. CHAPTER1.3: POSTMODERNIST THEORY ON RACISM The term postmodernism is generally over used, as just about everything has a postmodern twist to it. For example the term postmodern can be used to describe music, art, architecture, film etc, but as well as all these, it is a sociological school of thought. According to Giddens postmodernism is the belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress. Postmodern society is highly pluralistic and diverse, with no grand narrative guiding its development (Giddens, 2006, p1029). According to the postmodernist Ramon Flecha, racism is described as describes a condition wherein racial and ethnic differences become incommensurable and subjects fail to address the important issue of inequality in the face of difference (Gillborn and Ladson-Billings, 2004, p123). When one takes a closer look at history, one will realize that there is a major paradox in European imperialism. As colonisers, one of their goals was to disseminate their culture in their colonies. However, Singh believes that European cultural imperialism was dedicated to denying the colonised subject any identity other than one which that renders him/her a non-person (Singh, 2006, p 7). This cultural invasion happens when the invaders impose their own beliefs and views on another group and make them inferior by suppressing their creativity and expression (Freire, 1970, p 151). Colonisers have propagated their culture among their colonies but many of them still emphasized the importance of drawing a lin e between them and their colony. They regard their culture as superior to that of their colonies. It is this difference where postmodernist beliefs of racism are founded upon. In Murphy and Choi, it is defined as a myriad of practices that are designed to subjugate a large segment of the population (Murphy and Choi, 1997, p3). In postmodernist belief, differences are recognized just as long as each racial group acts according to their race. Postmodernism racism puts more emphasis on the segregation rather than the hierarchy. With respect to the racism that existed fifty or a hundred years ago, postmodern racism recognizes multiculturalism and diversity. Old theories on racism were centred more on hierarchy and which race was more superior to the other. But times of crisis and uncertainty over the course of social and economic change have often proved to be the periods in which new racist ideas and movements have emerged and provided basis for social mobilisation and exclusion (Solomos and Back, 1996, p 211). So therefore over the past 50 years it is clear to see that anytime the re was an incident of economic, social or health related down turns, ethnic minorities have been have been thrust into the limelight, in a way that could be described as negative. In the 70s and 80s it was black men who were a social menace, then in the 90s refugees from the former Yugoslavia were blamed for the lack of public housing and any subsequent rises in welfare benefits. Now in the 00s, with the west waging a war against terror people of Asian descent are now referred to as terrorist. However, postmodern racism is not any different from the old racist beliefs. According to Leonardo, postmodern racism simply assumes the guise of tolerance only to be usurped by relativism, a proliferation of differences rather than a levelling of power relations (Leonardo, 2009, p216). It was stated earlier that times of crisis have prompted racist ideas to change but they have only changed in theory. Reality states that they have essentially remained the same, crimes motivated by racist beliefs have proven that up to the present, racial supremacy still lingers in peoples minds. Lawrences murder is one of the few racially-motivated crimes that have been publicized. But it required a careful effort from the media to publicize his death. His economic background, for instance, was taken into consideration. Other black victims of racially-motivated crimes, for instance, do not receive sufficient publicity because the journalists thought that their image as a vagrant would not illicit a sympathetic response from the public (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 276). Stephen Lawrence was the opposite because he came from a middle class family and his family was not, as stereotypes would say, the typical black family everyone feared. The discrepancy between the medias treatment of Stephen Lawrence and Duwayne Brooks respective murders will easily reveal how media still holds racist beliefs. Moreover, it goes to show that media is sensitive to the fact that the general populace is still governed by old racist beliefs that there are certain races that are superior to the other. Postmodern racism, then, does not completely hold true and it may only be a sugar-coated version of the old-fashioned 19th century racism. CHAPTER 1.4: STRUCTURE Firstly I will be looking in to the methodology that is to be used in this dissertation as well as any ethically issues that may arise from doing research and writing up my dissertation. In chapter 3, I will be looking at the background history of black people in the United Kingdom and the media. In chapter 4, I will be looking in depth at the Stephen Lawrence case and asking whether Lawrence was a turning point in media reporting and the publics perception of young black males in general. I will then be covering in chapter 4.1, when the media circus surrounding Lawrence died down whether the media returned to their old ways of racially biased reporting or did the Macpherson report make a difference in the institution that in the media world. Finally in chapter 5, I will conclude and make any recommendations that are fitting. After this the references will follow. CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY This dissertation is a library based dissertation so therefore it uses secondary research as I feel primary research would not be suitable for this dissertation. I will be concentrating on collecting all my information from books, journals and publications that focusing on media reporting of the Stephen Lawrence case, history of black people in the UK and post Stephen Lawrence. CHAPTER 2.1: ETHICAL ISSUES Racism is a delicate issue and if the research is not conducted properly, the outcome could possibly be dangerous to all parties involved in the research, whether they are a minority ethnic group or not. It is therefore important that I must be sensitive towards the needs and safety of those who would likely to be involve in the study (Babbie, 2008, p 440). As this essay will be library based researched I must make sure that whilst conducting the research and evaluating my findings, I am as transparent as possible. I must also make sure that throughout the research and evaluation process I am aware of the studys objectivities and other significant details, therefore reducing any clear bias, which in turn would allow my work to be clear and objective. Also, I must make sure that whenever I quote anything it must be written in context and that I dont plagiarise. To make sure this doesnt happen I will make sure that all my references are correctly stated. And finally I will make sure t hat if during my research I find articles that disagree with any statements I have made are noted not ignored. CHAPTER 3: RACISM IN GREAT BRITAIN: THE MEDIA AND BLACK BRITISH HISTORY For the British media, especially the conservative, mass market tabloids, blacks have been defined by images of black crime for decades, especially as the economy began to decline in the 1970s as unemployment, poverty and social pathology increased in the declining industrial cities. If black crime has always been defined as a social problem in the media, racist attacks by whites against minorities almost never was before the Stephen Lawrence Family Campaign (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 263). From a purely capitalist view as well, crime reports are among the most headline-catching of news commodities and media everywhere in the world follow the somewhat cynical principle of if it bleeds, it leads. Crime journalists almost invariably take their cue from the police as experts on the subject and also depend of police contacts for their very livelihoods, providing them a routine and predictable source of newsworthy stories. Naturally, crime journalists never want to alienate that sourc e and end up left out in the cold, for the economics of the news business is a particularly raw, competitive form of capitalism (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 264). Van Dijk studied 2,755 headlines in the British press in 1985-86 from The Times, The Guardian, Daily Telegraph, Mail and Sun, and found that except for The Guardian, almost all the reporting about blacks and other minorities was seldom positive, occasionally neutral, and often negative (Van Dijk, 1991, p52). After the major shift in both fictional and news coverage of crime in the 1960s and 1970s, there were increasing complaints from the elderly, minorities and young people in general about how they were depicted. Elderly citizens were shown as muggable and disempowered, while the young and minorities felt like they were continually portrayed as dangerous youth, potential perpetrators of crime, and thus welcomed films and news stories with a civil rights focus and the questioning of police authority. On the other hand, young women were more aware of their possible victim status, particularly their vulnerability to male violence, and so welcomed coverage of such crimes, which had been mostly ignored before the 1960s (Reiner et al, 2000, p 120). In general, the cultural shift of the 1960s and 1970s has not been reversed in films and news accounts in the more conservative era of the 1980s and 1990s: there is still far more depiction of sex, drugs, violence, corrupt and tarnished authority figures than before 1965, and also an increasing tendency toward more anarchic and nihilistic violence or a Hobbesian war of all against all, mixed occasionally with more reactionary and nostalgic themes. Overall, the post-1960s media and film culture has remained less deferential and more de-subordinate and demystified than it was before 1965 (Reiner et al:, 2000, p121-22). For decades the British media portrayed Britain as a white society with a minority and immigration problem. Accordingly, the coloured population is seen as some kind of aberration, a problem, or just an oddity. One of the most popular BBC television programmes in 1958-78 was The Black and White Minstrel Show, supposedly set in the Deep South of the U.S., featuring actors blacked up. As late as 1998, only 2% of journalists in England and Wales were Arab, Asian or black even though these minorities made up 5.26% of the population, and the media often remained blind to ethnic minorities (Wilson et al, 2003, p 21). According to the British Social Attitudes Survey of 2003, 31% of white admitted to being racist, about the same percentage as 1987, and many people also practised aversion racism in which they believed intellectually in equality but at the same time felt aversion toward minorities with negative stereotypes, and thus avoided interaction with them if possible (Crisp and Turner, 2007, p 162-65). In the media, blacks became synonymous with drugs, gangs and street crime, and misleading police statistics asserted that young black males were the majority of street criminals, generally unemployed and on welfare. Equally untrue in the standard media portrayal, their victims were often white, female and elderly (McLaughlin and Murji:, 2001, p265). Abercrombie and Warde agree that a conception of the black community as particularly crime-prone took hold in the 1970s in press treatments of attacks on and thefts from, innocent people in the streets. In 1983 The Sun actually ran a headline Black Crime Shock and stated falsely that blacks carried twice as many muggings as white sin London last year (Webster, 2006, p 32). In general, the media conveyed the image that the attackers were predominantly black and the victims predominantly white, no matter that there was no evidence for this. Just the opposite, the British Crime Survey of 1988 and 1992 showed conclusively that ethnic minoriti es are much more likely, in fact, to be the victims of crime than white people, and these crimes are under-reported because it is believed the police will not be interested and will not follow up a complaint. According to a 1981 Home Office report, victimization rates for Asians were 50 times, and for blacks 36 times, higher than for white people, but the media treated this information like it did not exist and almost never reported the extent and seriousness of racially motivated attacks on black communities (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p 268-69). Nevertheless, into the 1990s, young black males continued to be profiled and targeted for stop and search policing, especially in high crime areas. Studies of police attitudes found that they generally regarded blacks as trouble-makers, drug dealers, robbers and nothing else (Abercrombie and Warde, 2000, p258-59). This moral panic against crime in the streets was also fuelled by Conservative politicians, particularly in the Winter of Discontent against the Labour government in 1979. In the Thatcher years, the Tories presided over an era of high unemployment and increasing poverty at the bottom end of the social scale, and knew that they could divert attention by promoting a law and order discourse that put the blame on the most socially and economically depressed sections of the community (Holohan, 2005, p 104). In Britain, as in the U.S. and many other countries from the 1970s to the 1990s, conservative and right-wing populist ideologies reflected a broadly right-wing consensus which, in many news channels (especially the tabloid press)justified as encapsulating the British way of life. This law and order consensus supported more police, more prisons and a tougher criminal justice system, particularly in response to the youth and minority rebellions of the 1960s and 1970sand indeed, as part o f a white backlash against these (Jewkes 2004, p58). For over twenty years, conservative populist punitiveness represented the main attitude of the British government to crime, poverty and the social problems associated with them, and there was no major opposition to imprisoning larger numbers of youth and younger ages, to prosecuting them as adults, more curfews, prohibition of unauthorized gatherings of young people, as well as harsher measures against immigrants, protesters, demonstrators, the homeless and young unemployed, particularly if any of the above were from minority groups. Newspapers like The Sun and Daily Mail have always had a vigorous intolerance towards anyone of anything that transgresses an essentially conservative agenda (Jewkes, 2004, p 59). Socially, economically and culturally, this era was a throwback to the late-Victorian period at the end of the 19th Century. A 1992 book Beneath the Surface: Racial Harassment described a detailed study of racism in the London borough of Waltham Forest in 1981-89. It found that racial harassment was a fact of life there, including verbal and physical abuse, graffiti and fire bombings of houses of ethnic minorities. In July 1981 a Pakistani woman and her three children died in one of these attacks when petrol was sprayed into their house and set alight. The police did not seem interested in any of these crimes, and were even suspicious of the minorities who reported them. In 1998, The Observer reported that little has changed in the years since and described how one Muslim man was regularly threatened with stones, guns, knives, fire-bombs and death threats over a seven-year period. In 1992-94 alone, there were at least 45 deaths in Britain from what are believed to be racially motivated attacks, but none of them received nearly the same publicity as the Lawrence case (Abercrombie and Warde, 2000, p 260-62) . After the riots of 1980-81, Lord Scarmans report emphasized the role of racial discrimination and acknowledged that there was a problem of racially discriminatory policing, as was still the case twelve years later in the Lawrence case. After the report came out, the police gave off-the-record interviews to the effect that London was experiencing a dramatic increase in muggings (McLaughlin and Murji, 2001, p266). Jamaican immigrants had begun to arrive in the UK in 1948, although even the Labour government of that era preferred white European immigrants if it could find them, even if they could not speak English and understood little about Britain. Indeed, government officials went out of their way to discourage immigration from Africa, Asia and the West Indies, which was not unusual at the time, given the whites-only immigration policies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States that had been in place for decadesand did not change in the U.S. until 1965. The British government even tried to divert a ship carrying 492 Jamaicans to East Africa in 1948. Given the shortage of white immigrants, Britain had no alternative except to obtain most of its cheap labour supply from its colonies, semi-colonies and former colonies in Asia, Africa and the West Indies, although with much bad will on both the governmental level and in (white) public opinion (Skelton, 1999). Blacks had been in Britain long before this wave of immigration, of course, but it seems to have made little impact on historical memory or popular consciousness. Britain had slavery during the 17th and 18th Centuries at least until Lord Mansfield abolished it in 1772. To be sure, only 10-20,000 slaves had lived in the country during any given year compared to millions in Brazil, the United States and West Indies and the number of free blacks was never large (Segal, 1996). Prior to the post-1945 immigration, few whites in Britain would have ever encountered many blacks at home, except of course for American soldiers in World War II. At that time, however, many white Americans were actually surprised to find that the British press was generally sympathetic to blacks whenever racial conflicts, brawls and other incidents took place on British soil (Katznelson, 2001). Jamaicans were the largest group to arrive in Britain from the West Indies during this unwelcome ingathering from the colonies. While the majority of White British were antagonistic to all those from the Caribbean, it can be said that the deepest resentment was toward the Jamaicans (Skelton, 1999, p 232). Initially, they settled in Lambeth, Brixton, Clapham and Camberwell in South London, which was considered ideal for blacks and other minorities since it had suffered extensive bomb damage and was full of vacant, old and dilapidated Victorian houses. In other worlds, it was an instant, ready-made ghetto. Black immigrants were crowded into these run-down houses, charged unreasonably high rents, and/or faced housing discrimination. They only got the jobs that British workers would not take and called slave labour or shit work, and often could not even get that. Like many such ghettos in the past, theft, fencing of stolen merchandise, prostitution and drug dealing were commonwith many s hops offering illegal goods and services under the counter to supplement their incomes and others acting as fronts for gangs and organized crime. In short, like similar ghettos in the U.S. and many other countries, it had a large informal or underground economy which existed in tandem with the mainstream economy and societyalthough minority young people were mostly cut off and alienated from this (Sanders, 2000, p 33). Mainstream media reported the crime but not the historical, social and economic context of this ghetto society. From the start, the police and media associated young Jamaican males with street crime, which became an idea so pervasive and powerful that soon everyone who saw a young Black man on the street was convinced they were about to be robbed (Skelton, 1999, p 232). In the 1970s, it was not uncommon to see young Black men being taken to the side of public pavements and being forced to empty their pockets by two of three police officers at a time (Skelton, 1999, p 233). Parliament passed sus laws that allowed the police to stop and frisk anyone acting in a suspicious manneran early example of racial profiling, and arresting and harassing suspects from crimes like shopping, walking or driving while Black. In the media, there were virtually no counter-representations of young, black men, while in the civil disturbances of the 1980s and 1990s it ran the most sensationalistic stories claiming that Britain was becoming a riot-torn society (Skelton, 1999, p 234) caused by an alien disease and ang ry young blacks who did not share the values of law-abiding society (Skelton, 1999, p 234). Certain geographical areas like Brixton in London, Toxteth in Liverpool and Handsworth in Birmingham were racialised in the media and always associated with danger, destruction and lawlessness (Skelton, 1999, p 234). CHAPTER 4: THE STEPHEN LAWRENCE CASE: A TURNING POINT? Identifying a sympathetic victim is a well-known strategy of civil rights movements, and one of the best known was Rosa Parks, whose arrest on December 1, 1955 for refusing to give up her seat to a white person on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama was the spark that lit the modern civil rights movement in the United Sates. E.D. Nixon, the head of the Alabama National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and chief organizer of the Montgomery Voters League had been looking for a test case against the segregation laws for quite some time. He knew that it would have to survive legal challenges all the way up to the United States Supreme Court, and for this purpose the right type of victim was essential (Hare, 2005). It was no accident when Rosa Parks, the secretary of the local NAACP and member of Martin Luther Kings church, was arrested as part of the long-planned test case. Jonnie Carr, head of the Montgomery Improvement Association for thirty years, had invited Parks t o join the NAACP and the two women started a friendship that would last a lifetime (Hare, 2005, p 25). Carr, who would later challenge Montgomerys segregated school system I the courts and win the case in the Supreme Court, said that Parks was so quiet that you would never have believed she would get to the point of being arrested (hare,2005, p26), but she did. Once she was committed to this course, she did not look back, and was famous for her quiet courage and determination. She continually received death threats from the Ku Klux Klan during the bus boycott and the legal case, and had to move to Detroit, Michigan in 1957. Even so, she continued to work with Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement, helping to organize the March on Washington in 1963 and the election of John Conyers to Congressone of the first blacks elected in the 20th Century (Hare, 2005). Other blacks had been arrested before Parks for refusing to give up their seats, but Nixon, Carr and the other organizers did not regard them as the right kind of victims to generate exactly the right kind of publicity they required, or to stand up to the ordeal that was certain to follow, including the very real possibility of death. On March 2 1955, fifteen-year old Claudette Colvin was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white person, and when she was convicted of disorderly conduct and resisting arrest, the young straight-A student burst into tears (Hare, 2005, p4). Eighteen-year old Mary Louise Smith was arrested on October 1, 1955 for refusing to give up her seat as well, but Nixon and his fellow organizers did not believe she was quite right for the campaign, either, because of her age and some issues in her background (Hare: 2005). In Rosa Parks, they found their ideal candidate: a mother, gainfully employed, regular churchgoer, mature and respectable, someone Mart in Luther King could proclaim as one of the finest citizens: of Montgomery (Hare,2005,p 30). She could play the role of innocent victim of injustice very well, and be the wife and mother that a white audience could identify with, even though as a civil rights movement activist and organizer, she knew from the start that she was part of a legal test case and media campaign. To be sure, Stephen Lawrence had never planned to become a victim in this way, but civil rights and anti-racism organizers in Britain knew that they could portray him and his family as respectable, middle class people who were really not so different from the white readership of the Daily Mail, and thus generate the type of media interest and political pressure that racist attacks and murders had almost never received in Britain beforeor since, for that matter. Prior to 1997, the Mail had shown little interest in the Lawrence case and only the announcement of a public inquiry seemed to get its attention. On February 14, 1997, however, it ignored legal and ethical guidelines and controversially printed the names and photographs of the five white suspects, and pronounced them guilty of murder under the blazing headline If We Are Wrong Let Them Sue Us. From 1997-99 it published at least 530 stories on the murder and Macpherson investigation, which some cynics always regarded as a ploy to boost circulation or the result of Stephen Lawrences father Neville once having worked as a plasterer for Paul Dacre, the Mails editor. In an editorial on February 15, 1999, the paper explained that it had thought long and hard before publicly naming the five white men, but this was an extraordinary situation and demanded an extraordinary response (McLaughlin and Murji,2001,p 272-73). Many newspapers covered the Lawrence murder, but the Daily Mails high-profil e campaignset the agenda for the terms of the public debate about whom and what was responsible for the murder. This was unusual and unexpected because never before had a racist murder been so graphically and repeatedly described and condemned by a right-wing newspaper in the United Kingdom (McLaughlin,2005,p 163). In the Stephen Lawrence case, the standard media portrayal of blacks as lazy, criminal and violent was inverted in order to present the victim and his family as clean, drug-free hard-working, educated and middle class, while his five white killers were shown as members of the unemployed underclass, living on welfare in public housing. In this way, the media could uphold the standard narrative of race and class while making Lawrence an exception to the general rule: a good black and an innocent victim. This was not the case for the other young black man attacked with him at the same time, Duwayne Brooks, described as a sort of marginal character perhaps involved with gangs and drugs, unlike Stephen Lawrence, who aspired to become an architect and join the middle class. As for Brooks, journalists