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WWW. JAGRANJOSH. COM SSC COMBINED GRADUATE LEVEL (MAIN) EXAMINATION 2012 QUESTION PAPER SSC Combined Graduate Level (Main) Examination 2012 Question Paper 1. (a) . . =? 9 44 27 44 (b) (c) 44 9 (d) 27 42 2. Complete the series 7, 26, 63, 124, 215, 342,? (a) 481 (b) 511 (c) 391 (d) 421 3. A woman sells to the first customer half her stock of apples and half an apple, to the second customer half an apple and half of her remaining stock and so also to a third and to a fourth customer. She finds that she has now 15 apples left.How many had she at first? (a) 250 (b) 155 (c) 125 (d) 255 4. There are 200 questions on a 3 hour examination. Among 200 questions, 50 are from Maths, 100 are in GK and 50 are in Science. He spent twice as much time on each mathematics question as for each other question. How many minutes did he spend on mathematics question? (a) 36 (b) 72 (c) 100 (D) 60 5. The reminder when (a) 2 (b) 3 919 + 6 is divided by 8 is (c) 5 (d) 7 6. The least five-digit perfect square n umber which is divided be 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 is a) 14400 (b) 32400 (c) 10800 (d) 10201 7. Which of the following numbers does not fit into the series? 4, 19, 29, 40, 44, 51, 59, 73 (b) 51 (c) 44 (d) 29 (a) 59 8. What will be the remainder when 19100 is divided be 20? (b) 20 (c) 3 (d) 1 (a) 19 9. A toy factory manufactured a batch of electronic toys. If the toys were packed in boxes of 155 each, 13 boxes would not be filled completely. If the toys were packed in boxes of 65 each, 22 such boxes would not be enough to pack all of them. Coincidentally, in the end, the toys were packed in n toys each, without any remainder. The total number of toys was (a) 1424 (b) 1434 (c) 1444 (d) 1454 2 SSC Combined Graduate Level (Main) Examination 2012 Question Paper 10.A and B started a business with Rs 20000 and Rs 35000 respectively. They agreed to share the profit in the ratio of their capital. C joins the partnership with the condition that A, B, and C will share profit equally and pays Rs 220000 as premium for this, to be shared between A and B. This is to be divided between A and B in the ratio of (a) 10: 1 (b) 1: 10 (c) 9: 10 (d) 10: 9 11. A can complete a work in 20 days and B in 30 days. A worked alone for 4 days and then B complete the remaining work along with C in 18 days. In how many days can C working alone complete the work? (a) 12 (b) 68 (c) 72 (d) 90 12.A pipe can fill a cistern in 12 minutes and another pipe can fill it in 15 minutes, but a third pipe can empty it in 6 minutes. The first two pipes are kept open for 5 minutes in the beginning and then the third pipe is also opened. Number of minutes taken to empty the cistern is (a) 38 (b) 22 (c) 42 (d) 45 13. A and B can complete a job in 24 days working together. An alone can complete it in 32 days. Both of them worked together for 8 days and then A left. The number of days b will take to complete the remaining job is (a) 16 (b) 32 (c) 64 (d) 128 14. In a factory, there are equal number of women and children. Women work for 6 hours a day and children for 4 hours a day. During festival time, the work load goes up by 50%. The government rule does not allow children to work for more than 6 hours a day. If they are equally efficient and the extra work is done by women, then extra hours of work put in by women every day are (a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 9 15. A and B each working alone can do a work in 15 days and 25 days respectively. They started the work together, but B left after some time and A finished the remaining work in 7 days. After how many days from the start did B leave? (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9 16.A and B undertaken to do a piece of work for Rs 1200. A alone can do it in 8 days, while B can do it in 6 days. With the help of C, they complete it in 3 days. Find Cs share. (a) Rs 450 (b) Rs 300 (c) Rs 150 (d) Rs 100 17. By selling an article at 80% of its marked price, a trader makes a loss of 10%. What will be the profit percentage if he sells it at 95% if its marked price? (a) 6. 9 (b) 5 (c) 5. 9 (d) 12. 5 3 SSC Combined Graduate Level (Main) Examination 2012 Question Paper 18. By selling an umbrella for Rs 30, a shopkeeper gains 20%. During a clearance sale, the shopkeeper allows a discount of 10% of the marked price.His gain percentage during the sale season is (a) 7 (b) 7. 5 (c) 8 (d) 9 19. What is maximum percentage discount (approximately) that a merchant can offer on his marked price so that he ends up selling at no profit or loss, id he initially marked his goods up by 40%? (a) 60% (b) no discount (c) 33. 5% (d) 28. 5% 20. A shopkeeper marks the prices at 15% higher than the original price. Due to increase in demand, he further increase the price by 10%. How much percentage profit will he get? (a) 25 (b) 26. 5 (c) 20 (d) 24. 5 21. From a vessel containing100 litres of wine, 10 litres are drawn out and an equal amount of water is added.From the mixture, 10 litres is again drawn out and same quantity of water is added. What is the final ratio of wine and water? (a) 80 : 20 (b) 90 : 10 (c) 91 : 9 (d) 81 : 19 22. From each of two given numbers, half the smaller number is subtracted. After such subtraction, the larger number is 4 times as large as the smaller number. What is the ratio of the number? (a) 5: 2 (b) 1: 4 (c) 4: 1 (d) 4: 5 23. Men, women and children are employed to do a work in the proportion of 3: 2: 1 and their wages as 5: 3: 2. When 90 men are employed, total daily wages of all amounts to Rs 10350. Find the daily wage of a man. (a) Rs 45 (b) Rs 57. 0 (c) Rs 115 (d) Rs 75 24. Brothers A and B had some savings in the ratio 4: 5. They decided to buy a gift for their sister, sharing the cost in the ratio 3: 4. After they bought, A spent two-third of his amount while B is left with Rs 145. Then the value of the gift is (a) Rs 70 (b) Rs 105 (c) Rs 140 (d) Rs 175 25. The taxi charges in a city contain fixed charges and additional charge/km. The fixed charge is for a distance of upto 5 km and additional charge/km thereafter. The char ge for a distance of 10 km is Rs 350 and for 25 km is Rs 800. The charge for a distance of 30 km is (a) Rs 800 (b) Rs 750 (c) Rs 900 (d) Rs 950 SSC Combined Graduate Level (Main) Examination 2012 Question Paper 26. The marks of 3 students A, B and C are in the ratio 10: 12: 15. If the maximum marks of the paper are 100, then the marks of B cannot be in the range of (a) 20 – 30 (b) 40 – 50 (c) 70 – 80 (d) 80 – 90 27. The average of the test scores of a class of ‘m’ student is 70 and that of ‘n’ students is 91. When the scores of both the classes are combined, the average is 80. What is n/m? (a) 11/10 (b) 13/10 (c) 10/13 (d) 10/11 28. The average salary per head of all workers of an institution is Rs 60. The average salary per head of 12 officers is Rs 400.The average salary per head of the rest is Rs 56. Then the total number of workers in the institution is (a) 1030 (b) 1032 (c) 1062 (d) 1060 29. A cricket played 80 innings and s cored an average of 99 runs. His score in the last inning is zero run. To have an average of 100 at the end, his score in the last innings should have been (a) 10 runs (b) 1 run (c) 60 runs (d) 80 runs 30. A man spends an average of Rs 1694. 70 per month for the first 7 months and Rs 1810. 50 per month for the next 5 months. His monthly salary if he saves Rs 3084. 60 during the whole year is (a) Rs 2400 (b) Rs 3000 (c) Rs 1000 (d) Rs 2000 31.Three years ago, the average age of A, B and C was 27 years, and that of B and C five years ago was 20 years. A’s present age is (a) 30 years (b) 35 years (c) 40 years (d) 48 years 32. The average height of the basketball team A is 5 feet 11 inches and that of B is 6 feet 2 inches. There are 20 players in team A and 18 players in team B. The overall average height is (a) 72. 42 inches (b) 72 inches (c) 70. 22 inches (d) 70 inches 33. A shopkeeper sells a transistor at 15% above its cost price. If he had bought it at 5% more than what he p aid for it and sold it for Rs 6 more, he would have gained 10%.The cost price of the transistor is (a) Rs 800 (b) Rs 1000 (c) Rs 1200 (d) Rs 1400 34. A seller user 920 g in place of one kg to sell his articles at 15% gain on cost price, the actual percentage of profit is (a) 20 (b) 15 (c) 25 (d) 30 35. A man sold two houses for Rs 96000 each. In the sale of the first house, he incurred 20% profit and in the sale of the second, he incurred 20% loss. What is the gain or loss percentage in total? 5 SSC Combined Graduate Level (Main) Examination 2012 Question Paper (a) 6% gain (b) 6% loss (c) 4% gain (d) 4% loss 36. The price of a land passing through three hands, rises on the whole by 65%.If the first and second sellers earned 20% and 25% profit respectively. Find the profit earned by the third seller. (a) 20% (b) 55% (c) 10% (d) 25% 37. One year payment to the servant is Rs 500 plus one shirt. The servant leaves after 10 months and receives Rs 350 and a shirt of the same value. What i s the price of the shirt? (a) Rs 150 (b) Rs 350 (c) Rs 400 (d) Rs 500 38. A person purchased a certain number of articles at 11 articles for Rs 10 and sold them at 10 articles for Rs 11. Find the gain percentage. (a) 22 (b) 20 (c) 1 (d) 21 39. Of the adult population in a certain city, 45% of men and 25% of women are married.Assuming that no man marries more than one women, and vice versa, the percentage of total population of adults who are married, is (a) 33. 33 (b) 35. 14 (c) 31. 1 (d) 30 40. A garrison is provided with ration for 72 soldiers to last for 54 days. Find how long would the same amount of food last for 90 soldiers. If the individual ration is reduced by 10%? (a) 48 days (b) 72 days (c) 54 days (d) 126 days 41. In an examination paper of five questions, 5% the candidates answered all of them and 5% answered none. Of the rest, 25% candidates answered only one question and 20% answered 4 questions and 20% answered 4 questions.If 396 candidates answered either 2 question s or 3 questions, the number of candidates that appeared for the examination was (a) 800 (b) 1000 (c) 850 (d) 900 42. In a test, A scored 10% more than B and scored 5% more C. If C scored 300 marks out of 400, then A’s marks are (a) 310 (b) 325 (c) 350 (d) 360 43. A train crosses a bridge of length 150 m in 15 seconds and a man standing on it in 9 sec. The train is travelling at a uniform speed. Length of the train is (a) 225 m (b) 200 m (c) 135 m (d) 90 m 44. Arun and Bhaskar start from place P at 6 am and 7. 30am respectively and run in the same direction.Arun and Bhaskar run at 8 km/h and 12 km/h respectively. Bhaskar overtakes Arun at (a) 10:30 am (b) 9 am (c) 11:30 am (d) 11 am 6 SSC Combined Graduate Level (Main) Examination 2012 Question Paper 45. A man can row at 10 km/h in still water. If it takes a total of 5 hours for him to go to a place 24 km away and return, then the speed of the water current is (a) 2 km/h (b) 3 km/h (c) 2 km/h 1 (d) 1 km/h 46. A man started 2 0 min late and travelling at a speed of 1 times of his usual speed reaches his office in time. The time taken by the man to reach his office at his speed is (a) 40 min (b) 1 h 20 min (c) 1 h (d) 30 min 7. Divided Rs 15494 between A and B so that A’s share at the end of years may be equal to B’s share at the end of 11 years, compound interest being 20% per annum. Then A’s share is (a) Rs 8000 (b) Rs 9140 (c) Rs 9144 (d) Rs 9414 48. The principal amount which yields a compound interest of Rs 208 in the second year at 4% is (a) Rs 5000 (b) Rs 10000 (c) Rs 13000 (d) Rs 6500 49. An amount is invested in a blank at compound rate of interest. The total amount, including interest, after first and third years is Rs 1200 and Rs 1587 respectively. What is the rate of interest? (a) 10% (b) 3. 9% (c) 12% (d) 15% 50.The difference between compound and simple rates of interest on Rs 10000 for 3 years at 5% per annum is (a) Rs 76. 25 (b) Rs 76. 75 (c) Rs 76. 50 (d) Rs 76 51. A solid consist of circular cylinder with exact fitting right circular cone placed on the top. The height of the cone is h. If total volume of the solid is three times the volume of the cone, then the height of the circular cylinder is (a) 2 h (b) 2? 3 (c) 4 h (d) 3? 2 52. Water flows at a rate of 10 meters per in diameter. How long will it take to fill up a conical vessel whose diameter at the base is 40 cm and depth is 24 cm? a) 51 min 12 sec (b) 52 min 1 sec (c) 48 min 15 sec (d) 55 min 53. The three perpendicular distances of three sides of an equilateral triangle from a point which lies inside that triangle are 6 cm, 9 cm and 12 cm respectively. The perimeter of the triangle is (a) 42 2 cm (b) 45 3 cm (c) 52 2 cm (d) 54 3 cm 54. The area of a right-angled triangle is 24 cm2 and one of the sides containing the right angle is 6 cm. The altitude on the hypotenuse is 7 SSC Combined Graduate Level (Main) Examination 2012 Question Paper (a) 3. 6 cm (b) 4. 8 cm (c) 5. 2 cm (d) 12 cm 55 . A cost of cultivating a square field at a rate of Rs 135 per hectare is Rs 1215.The cost of putting a fence around it at the rate of 75 paise per metre would be (a) Rs 360 (b) Rs 810 (c) Rs 900 (d) Rs 1800 56. The area of a trapezium is 384 cm2. If its parallel sides are in ratio 3: 5 and the perpendicular distance between them is 12 cm, the smaller of the parallel sides is (a) 20 cm (b) 24 cm (c) 30 cm (d) 36 cm 57. The perimeter of the triangular base of a right prism is 60 cm and the sides of the base are in the ratio 5: 12: 13. Then its volume will be (height of the prism being 50 cm) (a) 6000 cm3 (b) 6600 cm3 (c) 5400 cm3 (d) 9600 cm3 58.If the length of a rectangular parallelepiped is 3 times of its breadth and 5 times of its height and its volume is 14400 cu cm, then area of the total surface will be (a) 2420 sq cm (b) 3320 sq cm (c) 4320 sq cm (d) 5320 sq cm 59. The capacities of two hemispherical bowls are 6. 4 litres and 21. 6 litres respectively. Then the ratio of their internal curved surface areas will be (a) 4 : 9 (b)2 : 3 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 16 : 81 60. Let A and B be two solid spheres such that the surface area of B is 300% higher than the surface area of A. The volume of A is found to be k% lower than the volume of B. The value of k must be (a) 85. (b) 92. 5 (c) 90. 5 (d) 87. 5 61. The ratio of the areas of the circum circle and the incircle of a square is (a) 2: 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 62. From a circular sheet of paper of radius 10 cm, a sector of area 40% is removed. If the remaining part is used to make a conical surface, then the ratio of the radius and the height of the cone is (a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 3 : 4 (d) 4 : 3 63. If the area of the circular shell having inner and outer radii of 8 cm and 12 cm respectively is equal to the total surface area of cylinder of radius R1 and height h, then h, in terms of R1 will be (a) 2 3 1 ? 30 7 (b) 2 1 ? 40 2 1 (c) 30 1 2 1 (d) 2 40 1 1 8 SSC Combined Graduate Level (Main) Examination 2012 Q uestion Paper 64. A well of radius 3. 5 m is dug 16 m deep. The earth removed is spread over an area of 400 m2 to form a platform. Height of the platform is (a) 1. 54 m (b) 154 m (c) 7. 7 m (d) 77 m 65. The ratio of the number of sides of two regular polygons is 1: 2. If each interior angle of the first polygon is 120o, then the measure of each interior angle of the second polygon is (a) 140o (b) 135o (c) 150o (d) 160o + 66. If x = (a) 0 , hen x2 – x – 1 is equal to (c) 2 (d) 5 + + + (b) 1 67. If x = , then the value of (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) + 3 is equal to (d) 68. The area of the region bounded by y = ?x? – 5 with the co-ordinate axes is (a) 25 sq units (b) 52 sq units (c) 50 sq units (d) 20 sq units 69. The real value of x, that satisfies the equation (a) 5 (b) 2 3 (c) ? + + = 5 + is (d) 4 a = 225, b = 227. + 70. Find the value of a3 + b3 + c3- 3abc when (a) 2304 (b) 2430 (c) 2034 (d) 2340 71.Number of solution of the equation (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 ? + + = ? 2 is (d) 4 + + ? 72. If + (a) –2 = 1, then the value of (c) 2 is (b) ? 2 (d) ? 2 73. If ? = a + b, (where a, b are rationals), value of (a + b) is (a) –2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) –1 74. 232 – (2 + 1) (22 + 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1)(216 + 1)) is equal to (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 216 75. If the expression x + 809436 ? 809438 be a perfect square, then the value of x is (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 809436 (d) 809438 76.If O is the orthocenter of the ? ABC and ? BAC =80o, then measure of ? BOC is (a) 80o (b) 100o (c) 120o (d) 90o 77. Two chords of a circle, of length 2a and 2b are mutually perpendicular. If the distance of the point, at which the chords intersect, from the centre of the circle is c (c< radius of the circle), then the radius of the circle is (a) a + b – c 2 + 2 – 2 2 + 2 – 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2 78. Two concentric circles having common centre ‘O’ and chord AB of the outer circle intersect 9 SSC Combined Gradu ate Level (Main) Examination 2012 Question Paper he inner circle at points C and D. If distance of chord from the centre is 3 cm, outer radius is 13 cm and inner radius is 7 cm, then length of AC in cm is (a) 8 10 (b) 6 10 (c) 4 10 (d) 2 10 79. If PT is a tangent and AB is a chord of a circle and they intersect at the point P externally and PT = 2AP and AB = 18 units, then PT =? (a) 6 units (b) 9 units (c) 12 units (d) 15 units 80. In ? ABC, DE ? BC where DE intersects AB and AC at the points D and E respectively. If AD = 6 cm, DB = 12x – 6 cm, and AE = 2x cm and CE = 16 – 2x cm, then the value of x is (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 8 81.If the sides of a quadrilateral ABCD touch a circle and AB = 6 cm, CD = 5 cm, BC = 7 cm, then the length of AD in cm is (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 9 82. AB is the diameter of a circle with centre O and P is a point on it. If ? POA = 120o, then the value of ? PBO is (a) 30o (b) 50o (c) 60o (d) 40o 83. From the circumcentre I of the triangle ABC, perp endicular ID is drawn on BC, if ? BAC = 60o, then the value ? BID is (a) 75o (b) 60o (c) 45o (d) 80o 84. PQ is a chord of length 6 cm of a circle of radius 5 cm. tangents to the circle at P and Q meet at T. length of TP is (a) 4. 75 cm (b) 2. 5 cm (c) 3. 75 cm (d) 4. 25 cm 85. O is the centre of a circle. AC and BD are two chords of the circle intersecting each other at P. If ? AOB = 15o and ? APB = 30o, then tan2 ? APB + cot2 ? COD is equal to (a) 3 1 (b) 3 2 (c) 3 4 (d) 10 3 86. ? ABC is a right- angled triangle, where ? ABC = 90o. If AC 2 and AB – AC 2, then the value of cos2 A – cos2 C is (a) 1 5 (b) 5 (c) 2 1 (d) 5 3 87. At the foot of a mountain, the elevation of its summit is 45 o. After ascending 2 km towards the mountain upon an incline of 30o, the elevation charges to 60o. The height of the mountain is (a) ( 3 ? ) km (b) ( 3 + 1) km (c) ( 3 ? 2) km (d) ( 3 + 2) km 10 SSC Combined Graduate Level (Main) Examination 2012 Question Paper 88. The maximum value of sin8 + cos14 , for all real values of is (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1 2 (d) 0 ( + ) 2 ?1 1 2 89. If cos2 (a) 2 1 + sin2 = (b) 2 1 , 0o < < 90o, then tan = (c) (d) 90. If sin(10o 6’ 32†) = then the value of cos(79o 53’ 28†) + tan(10o 6’ 32†) is (a) (1+ 1 2 ) 1 2 (b) 1? 1 2 1 2 (c) 1 2 + 1 2 (d) 1 2 +1 1 2 91. If sin + cosec = 2, then the value of + is (a) 1 (b)1/2 (c) 2 92. tan tan tan (a) 1 2 (d) 0 tan ?sin2 = 1 (b) 2? 3 2 (c) 4 (d) 4 3 93. + = ? ? = , (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 9 94. Number of integral values of x for which sin – (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2 , where 0o ? 90o, is 95. If x = sin + cos and y = sec + cosec , find y in terms of x. (a) + (b) (c) (d) + Directions (Q. Nos. 6-100) The following pie chart show the details of 1500 employees working in a company in various scales and also the break-up of 800 male employees across the scales. Study the graphs and answer the questi on. 11 SSC Combined Graduate Level (Main) Examination 2012 Question Paper Break-up of 1500 employess across the scales VII 8% I 22% Break-up of 800 male employees across the scales VII 10% VI 14% V 12% IV 10% VI 9% V 12% IV 11% I 24% II 15% III 19% II 18% III 16% 96. How many females are working in scale V? (a) 180 (b) 144 (c) 96 (d) 84 97. The male-female ratio working in scale VII is () 1: 2 (b) 2: 1 (c) 2: 3 (d) 3: 2 98.The scale(s) in which the number of working females is the same are (a) I and VI (b) I and III (c) III and VI (d) only III 99. The number of scales in which the female workface is less than the average female workface working in any scale is (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these 100. Had the total number of employees working in the company been 1600 (800 male, 800 female) and pie charts of break-up across the scales the same, the percentage increase or decrease of female workforce in scale VII is (a) 10% decrease (b) 15% increase (c) 20% decrease (d) 20% increase 12

Engines of economic growth Essay

Economic growth refers to an increase in the amount of goods and services that an economy can produce over a specified period of time. Percentage increase in real domestic product is conventionally used to measure economic growth. In order to net out inflation effects on prices of goods and services, growth is measured in inflation adjusted terms or simply real terms. Typically, economic growth means an increase in potential output, a situation where there is full employment due to growth in observed output or aggregate demand (Kennedy, 1990, 34). Engines of economic growth refer to variables or elements that determine the level of economic growth, either propelling it forward or backwards. Normally, such variables are geared at improving the status of economy but not slaging it. However, because of the challenging economic conditions all over the world, many economies are observed to experience depressions and booms respectively to the conditions of the economy. The economy therefore does not assume a straight line but a curve with minima and maxima and sometimes flat shapes. Therefore, engines of economic growth manipulate the path of the economy, as they are also manipulated by the market state (Collins, 2000, 20). One of the engines of economic growth is the level of investments. For capital goods to be accumulated and facilitate the production of greater volume of consumer goods in time to come, certain percentage of consumer goods should be given up in the current time. Accumulations for the future period can only be achieved through sacrifices of the present time. Increase in the quantity of capital goods is called investments. In the economy, many goods and assets undergo depreciation day in day out. Depreciation may be due to use or as age of the assets increase. Investments are made to cancel out such depreciations and other unanticipated costs that may come up in the process of economic operations. Depreciation is occasionally defined as the monetary value by which machineries and equipments become obsolete or wear out during the year. For stability of the economy, the level of investments should be kept greater than the level of depreciation (Scott, 1991, 45). The greater the investments above depreciation, the higher the potential output of the economy in future. Investments are not only made to bring efficiency and increase production in future, but also to serve as a security tool for the economy. This is because today’s economic arena is filled with many risks and uncertainties, which if not well taken care of can devastate an economy. Market area is characterized by innovations in all fields of production including the nature and types of commodities, the level of technology, international standards and requirements and change in customers’ tastes and preferences. As a result, any economy which does not respond to these dynamics can easily be overhauled. However, for economies with sound investments, any challenge that comes by the way can easily be countered. Resources used from investment must therefore come from postponement of today’s decision to consume to the future as illustrated below (Moore, 1998, 43). Consumption Investments 0 C B The diagram describes that economies with high rates of consumption in the current period, will have little investments for the future. This is shown by PPF CC and. An economy that restricts consumption today will have an expanded ability to produce in the future and therefore will be able to move to a higher consumption point (A), operating at PPF BB. This means that investments are determined by the rate of savings of an economy (Rostow, 1960, 10). The analysis depicts that savings should be high for growth in gross domestic product to be achieved. Prosperous economies have ever subjected their citizens to compulsory savings through the government, because without savings, investments can not be realized. The government can do this through increased and enforced taxation (Scheers, 1999, 30). Currently, the mostly pronounced engines for economic growth are innovation and entrepreneurship. The notion that these two aspects can spur economic growth is based on several research works from both developed and developing economies around the world. National priorities have of late encompassed entrepreneurship, innovation and knowledge at firm, regional, national and international levels. Attention towards these variables has been driven by the complexity of the change process and the multilevel and multivariable nature of the world economic competition. In the theory of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs are seen as economic agents who may either operate within or outside firms but pay attention to economic happenings at all levels. These agents consistently seek for information from different economic settings, apply the spillovers of that knowledge and ultimately create innovative results through creation of new firms and enterprises. Entrepreneurial capital is determined by the degree of the presence of economic systems and entrepreneurial activities. Entrepreneurial capital serves as an important component for economic growth to be actualized. Apart from human capital, financial capital and knowledge capital, entrepreneurial capital has been proved to play greater role compared to knowledge capital (Mclindon, 1996, 51). Innovation refers to the process of creative thinking after which new techniques, products, formulations, markets, designs and ideas are brought forth into an economy. It is this process that takes place before entrepreneurship, because it is carried out by entrepreneurs. Innovators act as watch dogs for the economy. An economy undergoes consecutive reformations because it is influenced by national, regional and interregional factors. It is therefore advisable for any economy to make close observations of what new is coming up in the economy. For economic growth to be sound, ignorance of the outside reforms lags the economy behind. Entrepreneurs enable the economy to realize and respond to new products in the market. Goods and services are undergoing improvements in the way they are packaged, manufactured, blended, distributed and labeled. This slow response to the above aspects may render an economy of a country uncompetitive. Innovation still can call up the economy in times of technological progression in the production channel (North, 1996, 21). Currently, the world is talking about developed economies and developing economies, of which the big difference is the level of response to technology of the concerned economies. Production of commodities has to be as efficient and effective as possible to minimize costs and time. The western world is using high technologies in production and trading activities that have not yet been realized by the rest of the world, or even if the third world has recognized them, they may not have the capability to implement them. As a result, their economies are propelled forward to extremes that the rest of the world runs after with a lot of limitations. Therefore, the ability to realize arising opportunities and utilize them immediately and efficiently has propelled these economies to far ends. It is true saying that economies without entrepreneurs, innovators and discoverers are being exploited by such individuals from developed world. After considering this kind of analysis, it will be significant to state that economic growth is directly related to the level of innovation and entrepreneurship in a nation (Osterfeld, 1992, 14).

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) of water sample analysis

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) of water sample analysis Essay – The first end point colour was of a yellow colour, perhaps not light enough – Addition of starch indicator produced a grey-black solution; perhaps did not add enough indicator, however this did not pose as a problem – There was one occasion where I suspected to have added too much sodium thiosulphate, however the second trial indicated that I did not go past the end point too much To calculate the dissolved oxygen content (mg/dm ³ or ppm), we must first determine the number of mols of thiosulphate from the mean titrated volume of both samples. In this case, we will use sample A. The Winkler method indicates that the relationship between the amount of oxygen and thiosulphate is a four to one ratio. Therefore, we will divide the number of mols of thiosulphate by four to get the number of mols of oxygen. Then we convert this to milligrams per dm ³ first by multiplying by 20 to arrive with the number of mols present in 1dm ³ (because the pond water sample used was 50cm ³). Then we multiply that number by 32 (molecular mass of oxygen) to attain the number of grams of oxygen. Then finally, the number is multiplied by 1000 to be converted into milligrams. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) would therefore be the difference between the DO of sample A and sample B. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) of water sample analysis. (2017, Nov 17).

Reading and Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading and Writing - Essay Example Intellectual abilities are essential in order to be an effective reader. Intellectual abilities like Clarifying purposes, formulating clear questions and distinguishing accurate and relevant information help in effective reading. Before beginning to read, a reader must clarify their purpose for reading a material or content. The content must be foretasted. During reading, a reader should check their understanding about the content and retreat in case if the understanding is poor. The pace at which the reader is reading content is also very important, according to the understanding and familiarity of their concept the speed should be adjusted. After completing the reading, a reader must be able to summarize the content to check if they have grasped the actual message of the author, all these will help the reader in understanding the matter exactly the way it was meant by the author. Questions also help us in better understanding. The more the questions are, the better the understanding is. Formulating good questions before you start reading will give a good depth and different dimensions of the content.

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Human Resources - Essay Example Governmental institutions have to be efficient and effective in their recruiting efforts. There are various recruiting strategies that governmental institutions can utilize to recruit new personnel. One of the best sources of recruiting new personnel is to recruit new graduates from college. The reasons that recruiting new college graduates is such a great idea is because college graduates earn less money than people with several years of experience in the workplace. The low salary offers that sometimes governmental institutions offer are visualize as great offers for new graduates due to the fact that these people typically have never had good paying jobs, thus any salary that takes into consideration their educational credentials is visualized by them as a relatively high offer. To recruit college graduates governmental institutions must attend the job fairs that colleges organize each semester. Another way to recruit these college graduates is by placing job ads at the job placement offices of the universities. In today’s fast pace global environment an effective way to recruit new personnel is by taking advantage of technological advances such as the internet. Online recruiting is a cost effective way to recruit new employees. â€Å"The real strength and power of online recruitment, when done properly, lie in harnessing internet technology to not just attract candidates but to deal with them too† (Price). Online recruiting enables a governmental institution to reach candidates that are live outside their geographical area. Another advantage of online recruiting is that it provides fast results. Online job websites such as Monster.com have millions of people that are looking for jobs in the United States and abroad. Governmental institutions should use traditional methods of recruitment such as placing ads about the job position in the written press. Advertising in the media has always been a

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Business - Essay Example Due diligence is a term commonly associated with such evaluation process. It refers to the care a reasonable person should take before entering into an agreement or a transaction with another party. It is an investigation or audit of a potential investment. Due diligence is a way of preventing unnecessary harm to either party involved in a transaction (Due Diligence – DD, 2009) Most of the investors will evaluate the past and present financial records of the company before taking decisions about the investment. So the entrepreneur must prepare such financial records of the company for the verification by the investors. An investor needs to be convinced about the financial capabilities of the company before taking decisions about investing. For that purpose the entrepreneur must present the financial history of the company in simple terms understandable to even a layman. An executive summary of the business plan is also required by the founders of the venture to convince the investors. It is only through this business plans the investor will know about how the company is going to utilize the money collected from them. The investors also must be convinced about the scope of the business and the market opportunities and hence the business plan must be well written in simple words to attract the investors. Some investors are keen in knowing more details about the company like the assets of the company, customers, environmental issues, foreign operations, legal matters, product issue, suppliers, tax issues, and matters relating to ownership change (Due Diligence Checklists, 2009) The current Investors are extremely careful in investing in shares and hence they will investigate about all the activities of the company before investing. They will analyze the future prospects of the company based on the parameters mentioned above. They know that if the

What are the implications of globalisation for democracy Essay

What are the implications of globalisation for democracy - Essay Example istant others live in a different continent and time zone, yet electronic communications have rendered the differences of time and space insignificant. We have become more interdependent and the contemporary world can best be referred to asa global village or a shrinking world (Held and McGrew 2003, 3). If modernity was about the power of the nation state and the legitimization of the state action through traditional democracy, then globalisation would clearly have a significant impact but probably not in the contemplated way. Globalisation is usually associated with the decline of the nation state and the rise of pan national government, international organisations like the World Bank, UN and some of the most powerful TNC’s. Yet for Heldalthough state sovereignty has waned and their freedom to act has also declined in the face of globalisation, yet they have also seen resurgence. Problems associated with globalisation such as damage to the environment, overpopulation and migration have all been addressed by different nations. Revision Aid: Two way argument that nation states are in decline because of globalisation and pan national government but also that states are resurgent because they attempt to rise to the challenges presented by globalisation. Furthermore, in terms of democracy, the bureaucracy flourishes through the networks of ICT. Notions of infocracy and the transparent citizenship come into being as more and more personal information is held about us. This has consequences for democracy as we are encouraged to participate through Held’s plebiscitary democracy by channelling our wants and preferences to government through ICT. One might argue that such a process might as well develop a sense in us as to where we may pass on such inputs to the pan national organisations (Dijk 2000, 11). Revision aid: as governments make greater use of ICT, so they collect more information about us but we may also have greater opportunities to communicate political

S.O.A.P Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

S.O.A.P Analysis - Essay Example It is not quite clear what events made the author create this, most possibly some extraordinary experience of life and death inspire people to write such essays. Maybe some dramatic decisions which lead to great changes made the author write this piece. Annie Dillard has accumulated a certain quantity of life observations and experience and decided to make general conclusions. Certain disappointment in common life conceptions could let to writing this essay as well: â€Å"Would you change your project? To what? Whatever you do, it has likely brought delight to fewer people than either contract bridge or the Red Sox†. (99) The author has a huge audience as the questions she discusses are familiar to every adult who at least once was thinking about such issues as free will, choice, sense of life, termination of person`s way. Moreover, she addresses to her reader using the personal pronoun â€Å"you†: â€Å"Any culture tells you how to live your one and only life: to wit as everyone else does† which emphasizes the fact that Dillard wants everyone to think over her questions. It does not matter which race, gender, nationality the reader belongs to, Dellize generalizes suffering and hopes and thinks of the universality of the path in life. (100) Dell doubts typical people`s choices and makes the readers stop the race and ask themselves about their way, goals, and methods of achieving these aims. Sometimes people live without a deep understanding of reasons and consequences. Rhetorical questions such as: â€Å"If for him it was contract bridge, if for her it was copyright law, if for everyone it was and is an optimal mix of family and friends, learning, contribution, and joy of making and ameliorating what else is there, or was there, or will there ever be?† pushes the reader to the internal dialogue with the author. (97)   The author starts her argumentation by describing people`s

Poetry Analysis on Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven Essay

Poetry Analysis on Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven - Essay Example Before â€Å"The Raven,† none of Poe’s writings â€Å"garnered him much recognition in the literary world.† However, â€Å"The Raven† was â€Å"hailed by critics as a work of genius, earning Poe a respected reputation as a serious writer† (Iorillo). The work became one of the most recognizable poems of the twentieth century, and Iorillo attributes this to Poe’s meticulous skill, stating that he â€Å"was a deliberate, precise wordsmith.† The setting of â€Å"The Raven† is a good example of Poe’s precise execution of language, with his images combining to create an atmosphere that is quintessentially Gothic. Iorillo states, â€Å"Poe was not the first Gothic writer but he is undeniably one of the most potent.† The term â€Å"Gothic literature† is defined as â€Å"literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other ‘dark’ subjects† (Taylor). The Gothic setting of â€Å"The Raven† is evident from the very beginning of the poem. The poem begins to paint its setting by describing the night as a â€Å"midnight dreary,† creating suspense, misery and dread even before the finish of the poem’s first line. The next image Poe presents is â€Å"a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore.† Poe’s diction heightens the mysterious and eerie setting by using the words â€Å"curious† and â€Å"forgotten† to describe the book that the narrator is reading as the poem begins. As the narrator peruses the pages of his â€Å"curious† book, he hears a noise outside his door, which he dismisses as an unwelcome visitor. The next stanza further enhances the poem’s Gothic setting as the narrator clearly recalls the â€Å"bleak December† night when he first encountered the raven. He tells us how he recalls the burning wood in his fireplace as each â€Å"separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the

Identify the one event introduced in the post-Civil War era that you Essay

Identify the one event introduced in the post-Civil War era that you feel best represents Twain's imagery of the Gilded Age and explain your reasoning for this selection - Essay Example ndals had become more common to the extent that similar events were being referred to as â€Å"Grantism,† a term that effectively captured greed and dishonesty of leaders of the time. The then citizens thought that funds from these investments were eventually used to bankroll Republican Party operations (Elder, 2002). This is especially true considering that the dealings led to the creation of the Liberal Republican Party. Regardless, the actual loophole for these corrupt Gilded Age deals was the then prevailing spoils system, in which better-endowed people used their influence to reward their relatives, friends and corrupt business allies with lucrative government tenders (Gerrard, & Newell, 2006). As Gerrard and Newell (2006) said, an ever-growing citizenry, however, began to acknowledge the fact that the civil service needed urgent reform. The Dawes Act of 1887 for example, was a major piece of legislation which mandated the president to oversee the granting of land and citizenship to Indians (Gerrard, & Newell, 2006). The Act arguably set the pace for more accountability by state officers as evidenced in the Manifest Destiny, when it comes to the allocation of national resources. Manifest Destiny sought to correct acts of greed and dishonesty that were synonymous with the Gilded Age and build a better society where every community had a

Control of Nature Essay Example for Free

Control of Nature Essay The earth, with its vast structure of land masses is expected to experience different forms of worldly phenomena. World-renowned Writer John McPhee saw it all. The massive destruction caused by inevitable earthly chaos made by humanity’s ignorance and intentional or unintentional disregard of natural processes struck him. For the reason that of McPhee’s benevolent concern for nature and earth’s creatures, he came up with a book narrating human struggle against nature and elaborated certain reasons why such unfortunate fate took place. His primary endeavor is to give the world an interest on Geology and Environmental Science, and provide reasons why Nature, cannot be controlled but can be at least be avoided. Control of Nature is a book catering a series of earth’s revenge against man-made discrepancies aimed to make the contemporary society of today realize that any struggle against natural forces must be taken with great responsibility so as to prevent any form of chaos caused by such disregard. He cited one incident which happened in Iceland during the year 1973, tackled in Chapter Two of the book, where an island gashed open without warning and massive volumes of lava from an assumed â€Å"sleeping† Volcano spitted elements colored with red and gold, flaming with fire, began moving in a nearby harbor half a mile away. Worse, the harbor was along the nation’s southern coast, considered as the only harbor along its vicinity, the root of life for them. It had accounted a huge percentage of Iceland’s economy export, took away a large number of lives and horrified each living creature inhabiting the specified vicinity. It made the Icelanders establish nature, as an enemy of the State. Such raging earthly phenomena of hot molten lava flowing from the unpredicted component of the planet came too hard to impede with. It came like a bolt of lightning which suddenly electrified a roof of hope and serenity. Not even the strongest man alive could dare to stop, a superhero was needed, a miracle perhaps. But human rationality and sense of initiative came not out of order. The people of Vestmannaeyjar had to do something. Or else, it shall take what they have sown, the evil attack of nature must die out or it shall take their lives, and the life they long to live in the future. Then one man found a way to help his community, he was then the hero. Analysis Volcanic eruptions are the surface expression of processes that occur deep within the Earth. Many of theses processes take place juts below the Earth’s outer rigid shell, whereas some volcanic eruptions owe their origin to very deep disturbances, even at the boundary between the core and the Earth’s mantle at 2890 km below the surface (Encyclopedia on Volcanoes, p. 39). Certain volcanic activities can endanger a large mass of people and property on the spot where the land mass is situated given the fact that it’s high volume of lava flows, streams of molten rock are emitted by an erupting vent. It’s level of destruction to any form is high since that its temperature falls from 700  °C to 1,200  °C (1,300  °F to 2,200  °F), capable enough to eat anything which shall bar along its way. In the case of the Icelanders, Mt. Lakagigar (Laki) in the year 1973 took a number of 9,340 lives. But the impeccable thing is that the occurrence of the aforementioned chaos in Iceland was not like all the other typical situations experienced by places having such reprisal from nature; take for example the eruptions in Italy and Indonesia, exterminating more or less than 4,000 people in one single incident due to Pyroclastic Flow. Another is the terrifying Lahar in Mt. Nueva del Ruiz in Colombia taking over 23,000 lives. On the other hand, the Icelanders had gone eradicated in their hometown due to Post-eruption starvation. One cause of death which perhaps never yet crossed in their minds during their century making them too confident of their supply of food and water, after having assumed the fact that they already got their salvation from the wickedness of the flaming mountain. The ingenious way of the Icelandic Engineer may have had given great hope to its community, but what they less anticipated was that volcanic eruptions leave an unbeneficial form of dramatic and violent changes in nature leading its people to face the horrors of hunger. It drove many Icelanders leave their homes, look for a better place to live in, earn a job and raise their families in another state. It was not easy for them to leave the place they called home, but they held no choice, or else, they’ll starve and rot to death in the molten rock which once gave them an adrenalin rush. Although the initiative done by the Engineer, being a fan of geology and geophysics at that, if not so much to use, helped in saving quite a number of lives; still has not completely reached what it wanted to fulfill. If the advancement of technology and the level of perseverance could have had been instilled to those living in that point of time, then much could have had enjoyed what the present contemporary masses is enjoying now. Furthermore methods for determining the controls on magma composition had been closely studied nowadays. Earth scientists have developed several techniques for understanding and interpreting the compositional variation so as to alert the individuals inhabiting such volcano-close place are now being studied, which is good news. Volcanologists continuously observe and investigate the rise and expansion of an initially bubbly mixture in a conduit (signs of decompression of a bubbly magma), an important fact to be taken consideration to name the level warning they are to send the residents. International Agencies at present seek to slay aftermath predicaments assassinating entities which rise after phenomenal destructions, volcanic eruptions specifically; such as Starvation (caused by molten magma covering the entire agricultural region), displacement of residence (which most likely will cause emotional crisis) and unanticipated Volcanic Eruptions. Conceivably, the only beneficial point of the incident as narrated in John McPhee’s case study and the heroic act done by the outstanding engineer is the actuality that nature, unconsciously takes what it wants to take. Pressuring people to constantly seek for answers, ways and means, to save what must be saved. Conclusion At present, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers considered building a dam high up the crease between the huge volcanoes, which serves as a barrier of the immediate flow of volcanic emission from the land mass. The awfulness sought by the Icelanders is now taken like a cold magma to the families which were left orphaned. The nightmare is now three thousand feet below the present level of the ocean. All of that and then some is Iceland. It gave them a crack in the head trying to restore what they have lost. Still carrying the burden of nature’s tragedy, eating them up whole, but then, as John McPhee has heard their sentiments and has written an inspirational book narrating their stories; it shall give them hope that not all that kills them will forever torment them in an agony of despair. Their stories helped people, not only in their place but all over the globe. It was a signal to the Government to cooperate with them in building back their Nation. They never wanted to leave their home. They never wanted to experience such. Nobody wanted it. But natural phenomenon is but unstoppable. It just comes. But then, modern science tells the world that the 21st Century can avoid such. With the use of facilities and technology to detect a visiting retribution of nature, rationality shall save one. Reading the book and internalizing the Icelander’s unfortunate fate shall at least awaken the sleeping sense of sympathy and munificence of a person. There are people seeking for help. Seeking for a family. Seeking for a hand. It was Nature who held Control. It was a story of real people, of real hopes. Reference: McPhee J. 1990. The Control of Nature Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Simkin T, Siebert L. 1999. Earths Volcanoes and Eruptions: An Overview. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego: Academic Press. p 39.

America Should Lower the Drinking Age Essay Example for Free

America Should Lower the Drinking Age Essay The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 prohibits States from allowing people under the age of 21 from purchasing or publicly possessing alcoholic beverages (Alcohol Policy Information System). Supporters of having 21 as the minimum drinking age point out that between 1982 and 2001, there was a 60% decrease in fatal alcohol-related crashes for drivers ages 16-17 and a 55% decrease among drivers aged 18-20 (Elder and Shults 169). However, while the number of traffic fatalities may have declined, the higher drinking age has also been associated with other problems, including an increase in binge drinking resulting in the death of a growing number of college students (Roan F-1). Instead of focusing almost exclusively on minimum age drinking laws for the reduction of alcohol-related traffic fatalities, law makers should look at the larger picture regarding alcohol use among young adults. If eighteen-year-olds are mature enough to choose whether or not to enlist in the military, then they are mature enough to be expected to be responsible with alcohol. The national minimum drinking age should be lowered to 18. The goal of minimum age drinking laws is to reduce the number of alcohol-related fatalities. As Elder and Shults pointed out, there has been a significant reduction in alcohol-related traffic fatalities since minimum drinking ages were raised to 21. Correlation, however, is not necessarily the same as causation. Other factors may have also contributed to the reduction in fatalities. The effects of improved drivers education, an increased public awareness of the effects of alcohol on driving, and stiffer penalties for all driving under the influence must also be considered. Elder and Shults also noted that among drivers age 21-24, there was a 41% decrease in alcohol-related traffic fatalities during this same period and that drivers over the age of 25 had a 39% decrease. Because these older drivers were not affected by the minimum age law, these reductions in traffic fatalities can only be attributed to education and law enforcement. Rather than promoting the responsible use of alcohol, minimum age laws actually have the opposite effect. Before drinking laws were put into place, the drinking behaviors of adolescents and young adults were controlled by family traditions, community expectations, peer groups, and self-restraint (Ford). While this system did not eliminate the problems of alcoholism and other alcohol-related complications, it did present alcohol as a normal part of the young adults environment. Minimum age drinking laws have attempted to remove alcohol from this environment. As a result, students are more likely to abuse alcohol when it is available. There has been a dramatic increase in binge drinking among college students (Courtney and Polich, 142). Concern for this problem led more than 100 college and university presidents to call for a new debate on lowering the drinking age (Roan). Finally, unenforceable minimum age laws undermine the credibility of law enforcement. The inability of young adults to purchase obtain alcohol legally means that students and other young adults who drink must resort to illegal activities in order to obtain alcohol. Yet despite these legal barriers, many students obtain alcohol with no legal consequences. As a result of this policy, students learn that laws can be circumvented and that law enforcement can be rather selective in choosing which laws will be enforced and which violations will be overlooked. Over time, students may apply this same belief to drug laws, driving laws, and other laws that they believe are not likely to be enforced. Enforcement of the law also places a burden on law enforcement agencies and prevents police from pursuing other illegal activities that are potentially more harmful to the community. Conclusion The National Minimum Age Drinking Act was signed into law in 1984. In many ways, the law reflects Americas political lurch to the right that occurred during the 1980s under President Ronald Reagan, the Moral Majority, and other socially conservative elements that were in power at the time. These groups knew that there were limits to their ability to legislate morality. Prohibition during the 1920s proved that outlawing alcohol would not work. They were, however, successful in passing the minimum age drinking law, a form of prohibition that was limited to people under 21. Minimum age drinking laws are an example of what happens when lawmakers try to legislate morality. By virtually any measure, the current minimum age laws are no more effective than Prohibition was during the 1920s. These laws, like the 18th Amendment, should be repealed. A better solution for Americas alcohol problem would be to educate young people about the responsible use of alcohol, including the potential risks that are associated with this drug and the penalties that people face when they abuse alcohol. This type of knowledge does not magically appear when someone turns 21, but is the result of a culture that gradually prepares the individual to accept the responsibilities of adulthood. Lowering the drinking age to 18, for example, would allow colleges to serve alcohol at official events where student drinking could be monitored and problems could be addressed before they result in a medical emergency. Eighteen-year-olds are old enough to vote, to marry, to enlist in the military, and to sign a legally binding contract. If they are old enough for those adult responsibilities, then they are old enough to decide whether or not they want to drink. Works Cited Alcohol Policy Information System. The 1984 National Minimum Drinking Age Act. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Online. Undated. 15 March 2009. http://alcoholpolicy. niaaa. nih. gov/index. asp? SEC=%7B9937ACFC-DB3A-4159-B068-A302CEEE0EDF%7DType=B_BASIC Courtney, Kelly, John Polich. Binge Drinking in Young Adults: Data, Definitions, and Determinants. Psychological Bulletin 135. 1 (2009): 142-156. Elder, RW and RA Shults. Involvement by Young Drivers in Fatal Alcohol-Related Motor-Vehicle Crashes – United States, 1982-2001. JAMA 23. 2(2003):169-170. 8 January 2003. 15 March 2009 http://jama. ama-assn. org/cgi/reprint/289/2/169 Ford, Gene. Why We Should Lower the Drinking Age to 19. Alcohol: Problems and Solutions. Sociology Department, State University of New York, Potsdam, NY. 2007. 15 March 2009. http://www2. potsdam. edu/hansondj/YouthIssues/1046348192. html Roan, Shari. A Lower Legal Drinking Age? Health Experts, College Presidents Debate. LA Times. 1 September 2008. 15 March 2009 http://articles. latimes. com/2008/sep/01/health/he-drinking1? s=gn=nm=Broadrd=www. google. comtnid=1sessid=d49a16c9fafce18046e3bd9ba60cef8d9fdf7a4fpgtp=articleeagi=page_type=articleexci=2008_09_01_health_he-drinking1pg=1

Denial Of The Holocaust History Essay

Denial Of The Holocaust History Essay World War II was a difficult time to live in. Families all over the world were sending their husbands, sons, and brothers off to fight Adolf Hitler and his Nazis. But while they were fighting for peace, many others were fighting for their lives. In 1941, the beginning of a horrific event occurred; the Holocaust. It all began when the Nazis came into power in Germany. They believed that Germans were racially superior and that the Jews, deemed inferior, were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community (Holocaust Memorial). As a result the Jews were then placed in ghettos, concentration camps, or forced-labor camps where they either died from malnourishment, incarceration, maltreatment, or disease. Extermination of the Jews was an essential part of the gospel of Nazism and inherent in the core of its creed (Wigoder 450). Out of the seventy eight people in my family, I am the only one to survive. My parents had three boys and three girls: My parents were Jacob and Toby; my b rothers were Moishe and Baruch, and my sisters were Sarah, Rivka and Leah. They were all killed, claims Holocaust survivor Solomon Radasky (Quotes from Holocaust). By the end of the Holocaust, around six million Jews were killed. Even though there is substantial evidence that this event occured, there are many people in the world that believe the Holocaust never really happened. Holocaust denial began in 1979 when Willis Caro founded the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), the headquarters of Holocaust denial. Holocaust denial consists of claims that the genocide of Jews during World War II did not occur at all, or that it did not happen in the manner or to the extent historically recognized (Holocaust Denial). David Irving, a popular Holocaust denier, claimed in a speech in Portland, Oregon, Yes, hundreds of thousands of people were killed, but there were no factories of death (Representative Quotes). Deborah Lipstadt, an American historian, author and Holocaust denier, reports that a 1993 Roper Poll found that twenty two percent of American adults and twenty percent of American high school students believe that it is possible that the Holocaust didnt happen. A 1993 Newsweek poll found that a full forty percent of American adults express doubts regarding the generally accepted magnitude of the Holocaust (Austin). Key elements of Holocaust denial claims are the rejection of the following: that the German Nazi government had a policy of deliberately targeting Jews for extermination as a peo ple and that genocide was carried out at extermination camps using tools of mass murder, such as gas chambers (Holocaust Denial). In order to make their points, deniers concentrate on their opponents weak points, while rarely saying anything definitive about their own position. Holocaust deniers emphasize the inconsistencies between eyewitness accounts, for example (Shermer 212). Most believe that eyewitness accounts are very helpful when making an argument; they provide us with their experiences and thoughts on the matter. They tell us stories about what had happened to them, their friends, their families, and other people that went through the same experiences. But Elizabeth Loftus, a world-renowned memory expert and University of Washington psychology professor, found that an individuals memory is not as reliable as most of us think (182). As new bits and pieces of information are added into long-term memory, the old memories are removed, replaced, crumpled up, or shoved into corners (Loftus 20). Since this became a realistic possibility, many Holocaust deniers use this to their advantage by telling Holocaust survivors that what had happened to them was all in their imaginations; that it never occurred. For example, on March 14, 1994, Michael Shermer, th e author of Why People Believe Weird Things, went on the Phil Donahue show to discuss Holocaust denial with Bradley Smith and David Cole, two Holocaust deniers. They both focused on denying that gas chambers and crematoria were used for the mass murder of Jews. During the show, Smith made a statement that it was a lie about the Germans cooking Jews to make soup out of them. This claim sent a Holocaust survivor, Judith Berg, on the edge claiming that this statement was true. She went ballistic when Smith continued denying that what had happened to her and what she had seen for several months was the truth. Smith used her hysteria against her to make her appear as if she was lying. He twisted her words, as well as Shermers few attempted thoughts in the discussion, to help him prove his point. Another attacking point during this program was the discussion of gas chambers. Many survivors of the Holocaust talk about the gas chambers. Gas chambers are claimed to be one of the leading cause of death in concentration and extermination camps during the Holocaust. Judith Berg, the survivor that appeared on the Phil Donahue show, claimed she lived near the crematorium in Auschwitz, where she spent several months. I lived near the crematorium as far as I am from you. You would never eat roast chicken if you had been there (Phil). It is a wonder to many individuals how deniers can claim that the extermination of Jews by gas chambers never happened when these facilities still exist to this day (Shermer 227). One of the leading Holocaust deniers, Fred A. Leuchter, Americas leading specialist on the design and fabrication of execution equipment, was curious about the gas chambers. In 1988, Leuchter scraped samples from the gas chamber walls in Auschwitz, Birkenau and Lublin. Cyanide residue would be clearly evident on all these walls if gassings did occur. To his astonishment, Leuchter found no significant cyanide traces in any one of these rooms. In 1991, the Polish government repeated these tests to disprove Leuchters findings, but they as well found no evidence of any gassings ever occurring (Hoax). It also appeared that the structure of these gas chambers was also extremely faulty. The rooms apparently had ordinary doors and windows which are not sealed. There are large gaps between the floors and doors. If the Germans had attempted to gas anyone in these rooms, they would have died themselves, as the gas would have leaked and contaminated the entire area. Also, no equipment exists to exhaust the air-gas mixture from these buildings. Nothing was made to introduce or distribute the gas throughout the chambers. There are no provisions to prevent condensation of gas on the walls, floors or ceilings. No exhaust stacks have ever existed (Hoax). Not only do survivors claim that gas chambers existed but guards have confessed to the gassings as well. Pery Broad, an SS Unterscharfà ¼hrer, was captured by the British on May 6, 1945. After his capture, he wrote a memoir that was passed on to the British Intelligence Service. In his memoir, he described in detail the gassing procedure, including the use of Zyklon-B and the design of the undressing room, gas chambers, and crematorium (Shermer 230). Deniers dismiss confessions like Broads because they think the guards that have confessed to gassing were either coerced into a confession or made up the claim for bizarre psychological reasons. Broad also claimed that the gassing process only took about four minutes to complete. Deniers point this out because it is at odds with the statements of others, such as Commandant Hoess, who claim it was more like twenty minutes. Because of such discrepancies, deniers dismiss the account entirely. A dozen different accounts give a dozen differe nt figures for time of death by gassing, so deniers believe no one was gassed at all. Obviously, the gassing process would take different amounts of time due to variations in conditions such as temperature, the number of people, the room size and the amount of Zyklon-B poured into the room (230). It seems as though Holocaust deniers thrive on the inconsistencies of eyewitnesses to prove their points. Granted eyewitness accounts of the Holocaust may not be the best way to prove what happened since memory is lost or distorted with time. Elizabeth Loftus admits that eyewitness accounts are faulty because every time we recall an event, we must reconstruct the memory, and with each recollection the memory and reality may be changed colored by succeeding events, other peoples recollections or suggestionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Truth and reality, when seen through the filter of our memories, are not objective but subjective, interpretive realities (Loftus 20). But what Holocaust deniers forget is that there are plenty of other ways to prove that the Holocaust existed such as pictures, videos, and remnants from the facilities used during the Holocaust. There are not many of the above left due to the fact that the Nazis tried their best to conceal the crimes they had committed after the war. First, they limited the written record of their crime to a minimum. Second, they falsified the record, to the degree that technical and organizations made its existence necessary. And lastly, they destroyed the superfluous and the most incriminating part of the record, once it had served its purpose, in the final phase of the Third Reich. They destroyed not only documents, they also destroyed the mass killing apparatus and liquidated the witnesses (Denial). Although there is not as much evidence as there was during World War II, what remains is still enough to prove that it existed. If there is a museum dedicated to the Holocaust, how can anyone say that it doesnt exist? The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, found in Washington DC, is a living memorial to the Holocaust. It has exhibits containing more than 900 artifacts, 70 video monitors, and four theaters that include historic film footage. Some of the videos on display within the museum are of the experimentation as well as the execution that was performed on the Jews within concentration camps. These videos are graphic and disturbing to watch. During my visit to the Holocaust museum, some visitors may not find many of the exhibits moving or disturbing until they actually watch the videos, such as a video of the experimentations performed on the Jews. The one video that sticks out in my mind is the one about fertility and genetic experiments. The video showed graphic images of guards raping the women in the camps. Many found the video very disturbing and violating. In another part of the museum, they h ave a railcar that was used to transport Jews from their homes to the concentration camps; visitors can even walk through it. The museum also contains the barracks in which the Jews lived. They are just planks on top of supports, theres nothing really to them. Many Holocaust deniers believe that the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has no proof whatever of homicidal gassing chambers, and no proof that even one individual was gassed in a German program of genocide (Phil). Although it is true that they do not show the actual gassing of Jews, they have written documents from the camps as well as the Shoe Room. This room contains hundreds of shoes from the undressing rooms of the gas chambers; you can still smell the feet of the individuals who wore them. Most who visit find the museum an amazing tribute to the Holocaust and that it captures the harsh reality of what the Holocaust was. Many know the saying, a picture is worth a thousand words. Well this is very true when it comes to pictures of the Holocaust. Although most photographic evidence of the Holocaust was destroyed by the Nazis towards the end of World War II, there are still plenty that remain. There are pictures of emaciated, naked bodies lying on top of one another in pits dug in the ground. The bodies in the pits were then burned to make room for more bodies. There are other pictures of naked women being lined up next to the pits with guards pointing guns at them; the women were then killed execution style and thrown into the pits with the other bodies. There are pictures of children smiling at cameras through barbed wire fences in stripped prisoners clothing. There are also plenty of pictures of men, women, and children waiting in line to be placed in gassing chambers, awaiting their death. With pictures such as these that remain, how can anyone deny the fact that an act as horrific as the Holocaust existed? Not only are there pictures of these horrific events, there is significant evidence that still exists today. The Memorial and Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau still contains remnants of the gas chambers. Auschwitz is, in many ways, the main target of attacks by deniers, yet the denial of genocide, the existence of the gas chambers, and mass murder nevertheless extends to all the camps, the death camps, and, generally, the mass killing of the Jews (Denial). The gas chambers were used by authorities to delete traces of their awful crimes by burning bodies (Wigoder 190). The Leuchter Report, claimed that there was not enough hydrogen cyanide present in the existing gas chambers to prove that the Jews were killed there. He claimed that with how small the amount that was present, the Zyklon-B was only used for delousing purposes only. This is contradicted not only by statements from former prisoners and Auschwitz commandant himself. The basic German document on crematorium throughout, prepare d by the Central Construction Board in Auschwitz on June 28, 1943, states that the five crematoria in the Auschwitz and Birkenau camps, together, could burn four thousand seven hundred fifty six corpses in a twenty four-hour period. This document indicates that the Birkenau crematoria could burn 1.6 million bodies per year. This makes it clear that the Leuchter Report is nothing more than an attempt, concealed beneath an academic-looking smokescreen of graphs, analyses, and calculations, at misinforming readers who have no access to the scholarly literature (Denial). More proof of the existence of gas chambers exists in the remains of the floor plans for concentration camps. They are very clearly drawn and state the undressing, gassing, crematoria, and morgue rooms. With all of this evidence stacked up, it is obvious that gas chambers existed and were used in the extermination of Jews during the Holocaust. Today, we face an alarming rise in Holocaust denial and anti-Semitism-even in the very lands where the Holocaust happened-as well as genocide and threats of genocide in other parts of the world; all of this when we are soon approaching a time when Holocaust survivors and other eyewitnesses will no longer be alive (About). Holocaust deniers focus on the faultiness of eyewitness accounts. They may change with time, contradict each other, and may be too crazy to believe, but eyewitness testimonies are still keys to the past and to our worlds history. Although their experiences are important to the proof of the Holocaust, there is a large amount of other evidence that helps to prove its existence. The Nazis failed at trying to hide what the Holocaust was by attempting to destroy the concentration camps, documents, photographs, and videos. Their failure led to the creation of museums such as the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and The Memorial and Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau that are dedicated to the memory of the Holocaust. The extermination of six million Jews is not a fallacy but a reality. The deniers may claim that only a few million were killed during the Holocaust, but then what happened to the other few million? It is not possible for two or three million people to just disappear of the face of the Earth. Deniers may claim that there were no gas chambers and that the chambers were only used for delousing due to the evidence that Fred Leuchter supposedly found. They also may claim that the museums have no video or photographic proof that Jews were gassed, but the proof the floor plans and documents that remain say otherwise. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Memorial and Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau contain so many artifacts and evidence that Holocaust deniers can barely make a case. Holocaust deniers may think they are able to prove the Holocaust didnt exist, but the amount of evidence available proves otherwise.

Trail of Tears Essay -- American History

Trail of Tears Within United States History, there has been some horrible discrimination upon certain races of people. At the trail of tears native Americans were persecuted against heavily. Until 1828 the federal government had Cherokee rights to their land and in that same year Andrew Jackson was elected president and this all ended. On September 15, 1830, at Little Dancing Rabbit Creek, the Chiefs of tribes and representatives of the United States met to discuss a bill recently passed by the Congress. This day started with all the same good intentions of those today but ended with only a few Native Americans signing the treaty which allowing for the removal of all Indian peoples to the west of the Mississippi River. ( Brill, The Trail of tears: The Cherokee journey from home.) The Choctaw were told that the Americans in Washington cared little for the situation. They wanted the Choctaw moved on their own, or by military force. The Indians were believed to be ignorant savages, but they were industrious farmers, merchants, and businessmen of all types. Some were educated people, many were Christians. They even had an organized system of government and a codified body of law. Some of these people were not even Indians, some were strangers and orphans had been taken in over the years. These were people who did not deserve what they went through. When the Chiefs and Warriors signed the treaty, they had come to the realization that they had no option. For doing this the government officials guaranteed to the Indians the body of the treaty, safe conveyance to our new homes. (You cannot forget that in this treaty, the Choctaw traded 10.3 million acres of land east of the Mississippi for 10.3 acres in Oklahoma and Arkansas that we already owned under previous treaties.) Further, it included provisions and monetary annuities, to assist the people to make a new start. One half of the people were to depart almost immediately, the rest the next year. On March 27, 1838, congress did not accept the request for the relief of the Cherokee. Many then saw their land and property sold before their own eyes. The "conveyances" promised turn out to be a forced march. it was said that "...seven thousand soldiers swooped over the nation causing the Cherokees to suffer greatly" and also the troops were ordered "To use guns and swords if necessary to punish any Cherokee who t... ... and then were treated unfairly by the government. Jackson spiced everything up for the people in his speeches but in real life ironically forgot that if it were not for an Indian he would be dead himself. ("Andrew Jackson's case for removal of the Indians). Really the only thing that Jackson wanted was manifest destiny and more land for America. He was simply an opportunist given a chance and he took it. Everyone believed that the trail of tears, the Indian removal or whatever other name that you can give to it was something good for America. A land based on freedom and equality but something like this can happen. For the "good" of the Indians, Andrew Jackson humbly believed, but was it truly for the profit of himself and the country first before the "good" of the Indians ("Andrew Jackson's case for removal of the Indians). Works Cited Ellis, Jerry. Walking the trail: One man's journey along the Cherokee Trail of Tears. New York: Dell Publishing, 1991. "Andrew Jackson" Andrew Jackson's Case for the Removal of Indians. Online. America Online. 20 March 2001. Brill, Marlene Tars. The Trail of Tears: The Cherokee Journey from home. Connecticut: The Millbrook Press, Inc., 1995.

John Gotti Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From its very existence the Mafia has always been feared and respected. They are respected for the power that they posses to do what they want whenever and with whomever they please. Also the Mafia is respected for the money that they poses and the ability to get it by all means possible. They are feared by people knowing that the Mafia would not hesitate to kill someone if need be. "The roots of the mafia go way back to Sicily where their history is ancient and bloody" ( Cummings and Volkman 3).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe American mafia is often portrayed as the invisible and omnipotent criminal of the movie melodrama" ( Cummings and Volkman 4). "It is neither of them, but the American mafia is one of the most dangerous criminal organizations in the world" ( Cummings and Volkman 4). When the American mafia first started people did not pay much attention to the criminal acts that they did and the unholy morals that they stood for. That was until a man from Chicago by the name of Al Capone took the mafia from rags to riches from the late nineteen twenties well into the nineteen thirties. Thanks to Mr. Capone, the American mafia was well known, and became a great force to be dealt with in the world. Mr, Capone also made men of the mafia among the most socially mobile people in America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are mafia families all over the world, some of which run their businesses in the countryside. The mafia is mostly a big city organization because of what goes on in the city:" crime , police , corruption and unholy alliances between politics and business" (Cummings and Volkman 5). Basically wherever the money is there will be a mafia family nearby. New York City is considered to be the main grounds of the mafia world in which they earn up to "thirty billion dollars each year" ( Cummings and Volkman 6).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The mafia is similar to a business where men run their own business and do as they please. Just as every business has its own structure so does the mafia. At the top of the ladder there is the "Capo Di Tutti Capi (boss of the bosses)" ( Cummings and Volkman 6). There is no head boss for the whole entire mafia organization itself. But each family has its own boss and he runs it the way he wants to in whatever way he pleases to do so. Under every boss there is an under boss, who is considered to be a supervisor in the mafia world. The counsigliere is called in to... ...BROKE THE MOB. NEW YORK : SIMON AND SCHUSTER, 1993. CUMMINGS, JOHN, AND ERNEST VOLKMAN. GOOMBATA: THE IMPROBABLE RISE AND FALL OF JOHN GOTTI AND HIS GANG. BOSTON: LITTLE BROWN AND COMPANY, 1990. ELLIOT, JOHN. "JOHN GOTTI HIS FAMILY". JOHN GOTTI TRIBUTE PAGE. HTTP://HOME.PACIFIC.NET.SQ/~SEOWJEAN/JOHNGOTTI/FAMILY.HTML ELLIOT, JOHN. "JOHN GOTTI HIS LIFE". JOHN GOTTI TRIBUTE PAGE. HTTP://HOME.PACIFIC.NET.SQ/~SEOWJEAN/JOHNGOTTI/LIFE.HTML KURINS, ANDRIS, AND JOSEPH F. O'BRIAN. BOSS OF BOSSES: THE FALL OF THE GODFATHER: THE FBI AND PAUL CASTELLANO. NEW YORK: SIMON AND SCHUSTER, 1991. LUBASCH, ARNOLD. "GOTTI JURY BEGINS DELIBERATION BY HEARING REPLY OF SECRET TAPES". NEW YORK TIMES 23 JUNE. 1992, B3. RAAB, SELWYN. "GOTTI IS SEIZED IN ‘86 SHOOTING OF UNION LEADER". NEW YORK TIMES 24 JAN. 1989, B1. RAAB, SELWYN. "GOTTI FREE ON BAIL AFTER PLEA IN SHOOTING OF UNION LEADER". NEW YORK TIMES 25 JAN. 1989: B3. RAAB, SELWYN. "GOTTI AND 3 CHIEF AIDS ARRESTED ON FEDERAL RACKETEERING CHARGES". NEW YORK TIMES. 12 DEC. 1990, 1A+   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   JOHN GOTTI BY JEFFREY TAYLOR 2,854 WORDS John Gotti Essay -- essays research papers fc   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From its very existence the Mafia has always been feared and respected. They are respected for the power that they posses to do what they want whenever and with whomever they please. Also the Mafia is respected for the money that they poses and the ability to get it by all means possible. They are feared by people knowing that the Mafia would not hesitate to kill someone if need be. "The roots of the mafia go way back to Sicily where their history is ancient and bloody" ( Cummings and Volkman 3).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe American mafia is often portrayed as the invisible and omnipotent criminal of the movie melodrama" ( Cummings and Volkman 4). "It is neither of them, but the American mafia is one of the most dangerous criminal organizations in the world" ( Cummings and Volkman 4). When the American mafia first started people did not pay much attention to the criminal acts that they did and the unholy morals that they stood for. That was until a man from Chicago by the name of Al Capone took the mafia from rags to riches from the late nineteen twenties well into the nineteen thirties. Thanks to Mr. Capone, the American mafia was well known, and became a great force to be dealt with in the world. Mr, Capone also made men of the mafia among the most socially mobile people in America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are mafia families all over the world, some of which run their businesses in the countryside. The mafia is mostly a big city organization because of what goes on in the city:" crime , police , corruption and unholy alliances between politics and business" (Cummings and Volkman 5). Basically wherever the money is there will be a mafia family nearby. New York City is considered to be the main grounds of the mafia world in which they earn up to "thirty billion dollars each year" ( Cummings and Volkman 6).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The mafia is similar to a business where men run their own business and do as they please. Just as every business has its own structure so does the mafia. At the top of the ladder there is the "Capo Di Tutti Capi (boss of the bosses)" ( Cummings and Volkman 6). There is no head boss for the whole entire mafia organization itself. But each family has its own boss and he runs it the way he wants to in whatever way he pleases to do so. Under every boss there is an under boss, who is considered to be a supervisor in the mafia world. The counsigliere is called in to... ...BROKE THE MOB. NEW YORK : SIMON AND SCHUSTER, 1993. CUMMINGS, JOHN, AND ERNEST VOLKMAN. GOOMBATA: THE IMPROBABLE RISE AND FALL OF JOHN GOTTI AND HIS GANG. BOSTON: LITTLE BROWN AND COMPANY, 1990. ELLIOT, JOHN. "JOHN GOTTI HIS FAMILY". JOHN GOTTI TRIBUTE PAGE. HTTP://HOME.PACIFIC.NET.SQ/~SEOWJEAN/JOHNGOTTI/FAMILY.HTML ELLIOT, JOHN. "JOHN GOTTI HIS LIFE". JOHN GOTTI TRIBUTE PAGE. HTTP://HOME.PACIFIC.NET.SQ/~SEOWJEAN/JOHNGOTTI/LIFE.HTML KURINS, ANDRIS, AND JOSEPH F. O'BRIAN. BOSS OF BOSSES: THE FALL OF THE GODFATHER: THE FBI AND PAUL CASTELLANO. NEW YORK: SIMON AND SCHUSTER, 1991. LUBASCH, ARNOLD. "GOTTI JURY BEGINS DELIBERATION BY HEARING REPLY OF SECRET TAPES". NEW YORK TIMES 23 JUNE. 1992, B3. RAAB, SELWYN. "GOTTI IS SEIZED IN ‘86 SHOOTING OF UNION LEADER". NEW YORK TIMES 24 JAN. 1989, B1. RAAB, SELWYN. "GOTTI FREE ON BAIL AFTER PLEA IN SHOOTING OF UNION LEADER". NEW YORK TIMES 25 JAN. 1989: B3. RAAB, SELWYN. "GOTTI AND 3 CHIEF AIDS ARRESTED ON FEDERAL RACKETEERING CHARGES". NEW YORK TIMES. 12 DEC. 1990, 1A+   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   JOHN GOTTI BY JEFFREY TAYLOR 2,854 WORDS

A Long Way to Go :: Essays Papers

A Long Way to Go Here is what a couple of SCSU students thought about the recent holiday celebrated as Martin Luther King Day: "We should've killed four more of 'em, and we could've gotten the whole week off." I heard that and cringed. Prejudice, racism, bigotry, discrimination . . . whatever way it is phrased, it still means the same thing according to Webster: "a judgment or opinion formed before the facts are known," or "a preconceived idea which is usually unfavorable." Prejudice is found everywhere, and it affects everyone, not just those being judged. Cringing after hearing the preceding "joke" was the affect that particular racial statement had on me. But I am sure that after reading that introductory phrase, some readers had an urge to laugh. People always talk about how they are "just kidding," or how we should "relax, it's just a joke." However, that is precisely the point. Joking about a race, color, or nationality is not funny--it is discrimination. The word prejudice literally means to "prejudge." In Barbara Grizzuti Harrison's essay entitled "women and Blacks and Bensonhurst," she talks about a high school English teacher named David Zieger. Zieger wanted to clearly present the unfairness of prejudice to his freshman class. He said, "Everyone with blue eyes has to do homework." The lesson was quickly learned. "It isn't fair," they protested. Touchà ©, Mr Zieger, touchà ©. That particular concept struck me as fascinating. To take such a complex, enduring, and painful subject, and to be able to break it down into such basic terms and get the desired result is amazing. Although Zieger probably was not the first to use this technique, his point was made very clearly. Growing up white with exclusively white people, I did not know the first thing about discrimination. My first experience came when I was twelve. It was our first entrance into the Girl's National Fastpitch Softball Tournament, and we were excited. None of us had reached true puberty, and we were all pretty flat-chested and narrow-hipped. Regardless, we were all girls. After beating a team from Kansas quite handily, their head coach, a male, filed an appeal claiming that some of our players were boys. Our parents were appalled, and we were scared, embarrassed, and angry. Though only twelve, I knew this was not right and we were being discriminated against because we were good athletes although we were girls.

Lullabies for Little Criminals

Child development is the genetic and internal changes that occur in children during early years. There are many internal and external factors that affect a child's growth and development. The connection between a child’s environment and a child’s development are explored in Heather O'Neill's lullabies for little criminals where a child named Baby becomes a product of her environment. This is explored through the early death of Baby’s mother, her being raised by a young father and her father's drug addiction. Baby’s bad decisions and choices come from a lack of guidance necessary for a child’s social growth and development.The absence of a mother in Baby’s life is without a doubt one of the most significant factor in how her life turns out. Not having a mother to guide her, encourage and mold her to become a healthy young adult is evident throughout the book as the important life lessons from a mother was never instilled. Although Baby is grat eful for her father, Jules’s attempts at parenting her, she recognizes that he is unable to take care of himself, therefore unable to give Baby the nurturing environment necessary for a child to flourish.This is evident when she laments â€Å"Jules tried to be a mother, but he’d always kind of fallen short on the mark† (O’Neill, 186). Furthermore, Baby does not understand the feeling of unconditional love that mothers often have towards their children which causes her to look for love in all the wrong places. Without a mother in her life, Baby does not have someone she can lean on for some of the most basic roles of a parental figure, and she grows up feeling ashamed of what she has becomes.Hence, Baby reflects on her outcome when she states â€Å"I thought that if my mother met me now, all grown up, she would be disappointed† (O’Neill, 97). Without guidance Baby succumbs to the life of drugs, alcohol and prostitution, a fate she feels was i nevitable given the lack of maternal love. Nevertheless, in her insightful moments Baby states that, â€Å"A lot of kids get the privilege of looking at themselves through their mother’s eyes. I could only see myself through my own eyes, and sometimes I could barely stand to look† (O’Neill, 186).Here Baby Speaks matter-of-factly, without any resentment towards her mother but more resolute that her life is shaped by her circumstances – without love, self esteem or respect for self. In A Theory of Human Motivation, A. H. Maslow writes; [We] have what we may call the desire for reputation or prestige (defining it as respect or esteem from other people), recognition, attention, importance or appreciation. These needs have been relatively stressed by Alfred Adler and his followers, and have been relatively neglected by Freud and the psychoanalysts.More and more today however there is appearing widespread appreciation of their central importance. (Maslow,1943,3 70-396) The instinctive needs and reassurance mothers provide their daughter’s with is what Baby searches for throughout the book. Therefore the lack of guidance and nurturing is arguably some of the root causes of her poor decision making, as she continues looking for love in the wrong places. When Baby was born, her parents were teenagers and therefore ill prepared for the responsibilities of taking care of a child.Her early childhood was characterized by neglect as a result her behavior inevitably changes for the worst. She learns early on that adults in her life are not reliable. For instance, when her father is released from the hospital, Baby was under the impression that her father will come for her immediately; however, she is disappointed when he fails to come for her. She expresses her disappointment by saying â€Å"I thought Jules was still in the hospital. I thought the day they’d release him, he’d hitchhike right over to the foster home and get me. † (O’Neill, 50)Jules is unable to understand that Baby has no one to depend on but him and he is presented as negligent of her needs through out the book. Jules is unable to put the needs of others above his own, and in return shows Baby that the only thing important in life is yourself. Baby want’s nothing but a stable and nurturing home environment but Jules is unable to provide the basic necessities for her. In Contemporary Liberalism and the Fate of American Children David L. Tubbs writes â€Å"Children depend on adults for many things, and this dependence encompasses more than material needs.Certain intangible goods—education, for example—are just as crucial to their well-being. †(Tubbs, 2007, 1) This idea is especially true in lullabies for little criminals where the emotional bond Baby yearns for, her younger father is unable to provide. This lack of caring for his daughter can also be seen when he is taken away by the police, leaving Baby stranded and confused, â€Å"As the cop car pulled away, I waved to Jules in the backseat. He had been too distracted to even notice me being hit by a car† (O’Neill, 57).As a child, Baby has learned to be self reliant and independent. Nonetheless Baby witnessing her father's run in with the law profoundly affects her attitude towards the law as she herself becomes a prostitute and an addict. Despite the fact that Jules does not seem to care about Baby’s well being, she rationalizes his inadequate parenting as simply lack of experience. Throughout the novel Baby chooses to make decisions that are not in her best interest simply because that's all that she knows. It is this lack of guidance that paves the way for Baby’s poor decision making.Baby’s inadequate and drug addicted father is unable to provide the appropriate environment for her to learn the skills needed for success in life. As Baby talks about her father’s drug addiction she m akes a remark that is telling. She says â€Å"For a kid I knew a lot of things about what it felt like to use heroine. †(O’Neill,10) Early on in life, Baby is aware of her father’s dependency on drugs and is given no choice but to take on the parental role within her family. Baby has never been told otherwise and will never understand the dangers of heroin use.At a young age she already feels the pain and pleasure that comes along with drugs. In turn, Baby naively begins to glorify heroin as she associates it with happy times in her life. This is demonstrated in the book when Baby talks about her father and his friends, â€Å"They made me laugh so much. I thought they were the coolest group of humans that ever lived. †(O’Neill, 72). Early on in the book Baby is introduced to drugs, thus she makes a connection between drugs and happiness. Unfortunately, she does not have responsible adults in her life to tell her the negative effects of drugs, and h ence she does not grasp the dangers of drug use.This is later proven when Baby decides that she is, â€Å"firm on the idea that [she] would become a drug addict too now. [she] didn’t care what drug [she] was going to be addicted to. †(O’Neill, 72) Baby idolizes her father and he willingly or not, leads her to believe happiness can be gained through drugs. In the book Jules is arrested for possession of heroin and Baby says that, â€Å"Since Jules had started using heroin again it was inevitable that he would be arrested† (O’Neill, 57). Baby has become accustomed to her father’s abuse of drugs and understands the large presence it has on her and her father's life.The certainty in her statement also foreshadows the events that occur in her own life if she followed in his footsteps. Baby understands no other alternative than going to prison for her father or for herself. Likewise, Jules is unable to understand that by letting Baby grow up in th is kind of environment, it is inevitable that she will adopt these actions and behaviors as the norm and mimic them in the future. By adopting the life skills and choices of her father, Jules has trapped Baby within a life of bad choices.Child development is the biological and emotional changes people go through during childhood and there are many factors that can affect a child’s growth and development. Heather O’Neill’s lullabies for little criminals explores the similarities between a child’s environment and development through Baby’s bad decisions and choices and how they originated from lack of guidance necessary for a child’s social growth and development. This is seen through Baby’s mother early death, her father raising her at an early age, and her father’s addiction to heroin.

Terminal and Intrumental Values

You hold the rudimentary to your own mind and imagination and its crack for sight to understand that so theyre able-bodied to move on in the future. intragroup Harmony, Self-Respect and comprehension argon emphatically the most important to me because they encourage psychological and spiritual growth. Know many people arent religious plainly spiritual doesnt forever have to be put in that context. Mean it in a more than One with your mind, one with your body kind of way. Im not a mortal who is god with expressing her odorings through speech, I akin to analyze in private and observe things.I am more of a reserved person unless Im in my entertain zone. Being comfortable with yourself could make you feel comfortable any and everywhere. Values like world stay and equality are definitely important, its just that to me, theyre only executable if EVERYONE in the world IS at peace indoors themselves, and at the rate were travel Im not sure if well get thither anytime soon . I dont value social cite at all it hinders a person to do things only to be noticed. Its very well to want to make a change, but dont seek outside opinions for approval. It isnt that important what others prize of you.You should focus on your own powdered ginger and positive contribution to the world. I unremarkably value qualities I dont yet possess, which explains why Im mostly talking about the last(a) values. I feel like the subservient values are pretty oftentimes qualities everyone possesses whether they know it or not, so I didnt find the need to elaborate on them. Im hoping to someday reach peace within myself or inner-harmony because I believe that the fall upon to happiness, self-respect because essential to inner harmony, and wisdom because its necessary for clear understanding.

East and West in Antony and Cleopatra Essay

Shakespeare used as his point of reference for the play Norths translation of Plutarchs Lives of the Noble Grecians and roman prints. Plutarch, along with other Greek and Roman authors, saw an opposition between the conquering west, standing(a) for moral and political virtue, and the conquered einsteinium, representing luxury and decadence.Do you summate that this is essenti each(prenominal)y how Shakespeare presents the opposition between East and west in Antony and Cleopatra?capital of Italy and Egypt have conditional relation farthermost beyond physical locations they symbolize two oppositional nurse systems essential within twain society and the psyche. The population of Antony and Cleopatra is riddled with polarised opposites, such as civilisation and nature, common and private, and, perhaps most of the essence(p)ly, passion and honour.The inability of the East and West to reconcile their determine inevitably causes conflict, forcing Antony, the tragical protagon ist, to choose between the spheres. In suicide, he transcends the limitations the public thrusts upon him joined later by Cleopatra, who finally discovers the significance of Western values, in a triumphant death.The caprice of all sphere having moral superiority to the other is moot Shakespeare passes no concrete judgement, and no impartial platitude of good and evil could suffice to rationalise the complex behaviour of the principal characters.Neither Egypt nor capital of Italy seems to be truly virtuous, despite the moralising of the Roman characters. In Rome the traditional system of honour is speedily being subjugated beneath Caesars algid quest for individual supremacy. Loyalty now belongs lonesome(prenominal) to the winner, and individuals such as Lepidus and Pompey are sacrificed in the imperialistic drive of Octavius. A certain misogyny is Rome, with women denounced as whores, and the harsh treatment that Cleopatra would have faced as a captive indicates the presen ce of violence in the Roman psyche.Nor is Egypt an ideal of purity. A society purse deep in time, its preoccupation with sensation leads it to recklessness (such as when Cleopatra flees the Battle of Actium). Theatrical and dramatic, the modus vivendi at court is extremely decadent, often climax vulgarity. Cleopatra is cosseted by her courtiers, and encouraged towards vanity, narcissism, pettiness and self-indulgence,The notion of a duality is more important than the probity of either force by being opposites, East and West become inextricable. Without East there would be no concept of West, and vice versa, and this pattern is applicable to all the converses that the antithetical spheres represent.Both are equally important in the development of full servicemanity the values that West and East represent should be in harmony within both society and the human psyche. In Antony and Cleopatra they seem to be inherently conflicted, and the ensuant polarisation causes the demise of t he lovers, which allows them to, paradoxically, conquer the hearts of a world that has tried to conquer and restrict them.The social organization of the play serves to highlight the antithesis, with frequent changes between the machinations of Rome and the hyperbole of Cleopatras court emphasizing both the opposition of the value systems and the effect that exposure to both has upon Antony.